scholarly journals Intergenerational paternal effect of adult density in Drosophila melanogaster

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Purbasha Dasgupta ◽  
Saubhik Sarkar ◽  
Akankshya A. Das ◽  
Tanya Verma ◽  
Bodhisatta Nandy
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Differential Mortality ◽  
Adult Density ◽  
Significant Treatment Effect ◽  
Male Fitness ◽  
Fitness Components ◽  
Significant Treatment

AbstractNotwithstanding recent evidences, paternal environment is thought to be a potential but unlikely source of fitness variation that can affect trait evolution. Here we studied intergenerational effects of males’ exposure to varying adult density in Drosophila melanogaster laboratory populations.We held sires at normal (N), medium (M) and high (H) adult densities for two days before allowing them to mate with virgin females. This treatment did not introduce selection through differential mortality. Further, we randomly paired males and females and allowed a single round of mating between the sires and the dams. We then collected eggs from the dams and measured the egg size. Finally, we investigated the effect of the paternal treatment on juvenile and adult (male) fitness components.We found a significant treatment effect on juvenile competitive ability where the progeny sired by the H-males had higher competitive ability. Since we did not find the treatment to affect egg size, this effect is unlikely to be mediated through variation in female provisioning.Male fitness components were also found to have a significant treatment effect: M-sons had lower dry weight at eclosion, higher mating latency and lower competitive mating success.While being the first study to show both adaptive and non-adaptive effect of the paternal density in Drosophila, our results highlight the importance of considering paternal environment as important source of fitness variation.

scholarly journals A randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial of laquinimod in primary progressive multiple sclerosis

Neurology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 95 (8) ◽  
pp. e1027-e1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin Giovannoni ◽  
Volker Knappertz ◽  
Joshua R. Steinerman ◽  
Aaron P. Tansy ◽  
Thomas Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Primary Endpoint ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
Progressive Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Significant Treatment Effect ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Primary Progressive

ObjectiveTo evaluate efficacy, safety, and tolerability of laquinimod in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS).MethodsIn the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study, ARPEGGIO (A Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial Evaluating Laquinimod in PPMS, Gauging Gradations in MRI and Clinical Outcomes), eligible patients with PPMS were randomized 1:1:1 to receive once-daily oral laquinimod 0.6 mg or 1.5 mg or matching placebo. Percentage brain volume change (PBVC; primary endpoint) from baseline to week 48 was assessed by MRI. Secondary and exploratory endpoints included clinical and MRI measures. Efficacy endpoints were evaluated using a predefined, hierarchical statistical testing procedure. Safety was monitored throughout the study. The laquinimod 1.5 mg dose arm was discontinued on January 1, 2016, due to findings of cardiovascular events.ResultsA total of 374 patients were randomized to laquinimod 0.6 mg (n = 139) or 1.5 mg (n = 95) or placebo (n = 140). ARPEGGIO did not meet the primary endpoint of significant treatment effect with laquinimod 0.6 mg vs placebo on PBVC from baseline to week 48 (adjusted mean difference = 0.016%, p = 0.903). Laquinimod 0.6 mg reduced the number of new T2 brain lesions at week 48 (risk ratio 0.4; 95% confidence interval, 0.26–0.69; p = 0.001). Incidence of adverse events was higher among patients treated with laquinimod 0.6 mg (83%) vs laquinimod 1.5 mg (66%) and placebo (78%).ConclusionsLaquinimod 0.6 mg did not demonstrate a statistically significant effect on brain volume loss in PPMS at week 48.Clinicaltrials.gov identifierNCT02284568.Classification of evidenceThis study provides Class I evidence that, although well tolerated, laquinimod 0.6 mg did not demonstrate a significant treatment effect on PBVC in patients with PPMS.

Group-Assertive Training in Treatment of Expression of Inappropriate Anger

1974 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 791-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Rimm ◽  
George A. Hill ◽  
Nancy N. Brown ◽  
James E. Stuart
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
External Control ◽  
Objective Measures ◽  
Significant Treatment Effect ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Assertive Training

Male volunteers reporting a history of expressing anger in an inappropriate or antisocial manner were assigned to an assertive training group or to a placebo group. Assertive training, conducted over a total of 8 hr., consisted primarily of behavior rehearsal, i.e., role-playing anger-inducing situations. On objective measures of assertion and comfort, 7 Ss in the assertive condition showed significantly greater improvement than the 6 controls. Subjective measures of discomfort and anger showed significantly greater improvement for assertive Ss than for the controls, although a significant treatment effect was not observed for self-rated confidence. Results for a global assertive inventory, while in the predicted direction, were not significant. A measure relating to internal versus external control did not yield a treatment effect. Thus, consistent with previous findings, the effects of assertive training were highly situation-specific. These results support the value of group-assertive training. They also suggest that assertive training may provide an effective means for dealing with anger which typically leads to anti-social aggression.

Fluctuations in fuel moisture across restoration treatments in semi-arid ponderosa pine forests of northern Arizona, USA

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn Michael Faiella ◽  
John Duff Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Fuel Moisture ◽  
Significant Treatment Effect ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Ponderosa Pine Forests ◽  
Northern Arizona ◽  
Semi Arid

Fuel moisture is an important variable in estimating fire behaviour and wildfire hazard. We measured three replicates each of thin-and-burn, burn-only, and control treatments in semi-arid ponderosa pine forests of northern Arizona, USA to quantify temporal changes and treatment effects on live foliar and dead fuel moisture content. Overstorey structure and canopy bulk density were reduced 40–75% in the thin-and-burn treatment v. the burn-only and control treatments. Fluctuations in foliar moisture content varied temporally and across study areas. In 2003, a significant treatment effect was found for two study sites for 1-year-old foliage, but no significant treatment effect was found for new foliage. In 2004, a significant treatment effect was found across all three study sites for both 1-year-old and new foliage. However, no clear pattern existed regarding a specific treatment and its effect on moisture content of old or new foliage. No conclusive evidence was found for a significant treatment effect on the moisture content of fuel particles in the size classes of 0–6, 6–25, and 25–100-mm diameter. Proposals regarding amplified fire behaviour as a consequence of reduced fuel moisture contents in treated v. untreated forest stands in semi-arid ponderosa pine forests of northern Arizona therefore appear to be unwarranted.

scholarly journals A Comparison of the Effects of a Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on Cycling Performance in Depleted and Non-depleted Glycogen States

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Hicks ◽  
Class of 2018 ◽  
Bailey Sullivan ◽  
Class of 2018
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Mouth Rinse ◽  
Significant Treatment Effect ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Performance Improvements

Performance improvements have been reported when mouth rinsing with a carbohydrate (CHO) solution during short duration, high intensity endurance exercise. Limited research has been conducted in this area when endogenous CHO stores are depleted. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of a CHO mouth rinse on endurance-trained cyclists during a 30-kilometer time trial in depleted vs. non-depleted glycogen states. METHODS: 5 endurance-trained men (28±7 years; 179.32±8.15 cm; 68.65±8.16 kg; 54.00±5.95 mL/kg/min VO2 max) participated in a repeated measures crossover study using a CHO mouth rinse (6.4% maltodextrin) or placebo. RESULTS: Subjects completed the time trial faster (p=0.033) in the non-depleted state, despite reporting lower RPE (p=0.010). There was no significant treatment effect, but subjects completed the time trial 20 seconds faster in the depleted CHO mouth rinse condition. Power output was significantly higher (p=0.010) in non-depleted than depleted conditions; no significant treatment effect was observed. RER was significantly higher (p=0.001) in the non-depleted state; no significant differences were observed between mouth rinses. A mouth rinse segment interaction (p=0.028) was observed for heart rate in the last 6k for the CHO mouth rinse condition, indicating a possible increase in effort over the last segment of the time trial. CONCLUSION: CHO mouth rinse may be a valuable tool for performance enhancement in suboptimal nutrition states. Further, the results supported current knowledge regarding performance in depleted and non-depleted glycogen states.

Effect of Mid-Rotation Fertilization on Stiffness and Strength of Loblolly Pine Wood

IAWA Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Finto Antony ◽  
Laurence R. Schimleck ◽  
Richard F. Daniels ◽  
Alexander Clark
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Significant Treatment Effect ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Four Levels

Trees sampled from a loblolly pine mid-rotation fertilization trial were used in this study. The study was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four levels of nitrogen fertilizer as treatments: control (000N), 112 (112N), 224 (224N), and 336 (336N) kg/ha of nitrogen, with each treatment replicated in 4 blocks. Two trees were destructively sampled from each plot giving a total of 32 trees. Bolts 0.6 m in length were collected from each tree (3 bolts per tree); with the midpoint of each bolt at heights of 2.4, 7.3 and 12.2 m from the base of the tree (each bolt represented the midpoint of standard 4.9 m saw logs). Static bending samples with dimensions 25 by 25 by 406 mm (radial, tangential and longitudinal dimensions respectively) were cut from the bolts that included the 25 mm of wood produced immediately following fertilization. Data on modulus of elasticity (MOE, stiffness) and modulus of rupture (MOR, strength) were collected from clear static bending samples. Based on the analysis of variance, no significant treatment effect was observed on MOE and MOR. However, MOE and MOR decreased in wood produced immediately after fertilization for trees which received the highest level of fertilization (336N). A decreasing trend in MOE and MOR with height was also present.

Sample size estimates for determining treatment effects in high-risk patients with early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas F Scott ◽  
Carol J Schramke ◽  
Gary Cutter
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Significant Treatment Effect ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
High Risk Patients ◽  
Treatment Trials ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
Risk Patients

Background: Risk factors for short-term progression in early relapsing-remitting MS have been identified recently. Previously we determined potential risk factors for rapid progression of early relapsing-remitting MS and identified three groups of high-risk patients. These non-mutually exclusive groups of patients were drawn from a consecutively studied sample of 98 patients with newly diagnosed MS. High-risk patients had a history of either poor recovery from initial attacks, more than two attacks in the first two years of disease, or a combination of at least four other risk factors. Objective: To determine differences in sample sizes required to show a meaningful treatment effect when using a high-risk sample versus a random sample of patients. Methods: Power analyses were used to calculate the different sample sizes needed for hypothetical treatment trials. Results: We found that substantially smaller numbers of patients should be needed to show a significant treatment effect by employing these high-risk groups of patients as compared to a random population of MS patients (e.g., 58% reduction in sample size in one model). Conclusion: The use of patients at higher risk of progression to perform drug treatment trials can be considered as a means to reduce the number of patients needed to show a significant treatment effect for patients with very early MS.

scholarly journals Update on flow diverters for the endovascular management of cerebral aneurysms

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. E2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Rajah ◽  
Sandra Narayanan ◽  
Leonardo Rangel-Castilla
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Cerebral Aneurysms ◽  
Flow Diversion ◽  
Significant Treatment Effect ◽  
Endovascular Management ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Pipeline Embolization Device ◽  
And Function ◽  
Flow Diverters

Flow diversion has become a well-accepted option for the treatment of cerebral aneurysms. Given the significant treatment effect of flow diverters, numerous options have emerged since the initial Pipeline embolization device studies. In this review, the authors describe the available flow diverters, both endoluminal and intrasaccular, addressing nuances of device design and function and presenting data on complications and outcomes, where available. They also discuss possible future directions of flow diversion.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document