scholarly journals Memory Image Completion (MIC): Establishing a task to behaviorally assess pattern completion in humans

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Vieweg ◽  
Martin Riemer ◽  
David Berron ◽  
Thomas Wolbers
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Image Completion ◽  
Repeated Testing ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Target Pattern ◽  
Pattern Completion ◽  
Memory Image ◽  
Age Related

AbstractFor memory retrieval, pattern completion is a crucial process that restores memories from partial or degraded cues. Neurocognitive aging models suggest that the aged memory system is biased toward pattern completion, resulting in a behavioral preference for retrieval over encoding of memories. While there are behavioral tasks to assess the encoding side of these memory differences, pattern completion has received less attention in the literature. Here, we built on our previously developed behavioral recognition memory paradigm – the Memory Image Completion task (MIC) – a task to specifically target pattern completion. First, we used the original design with concurrent eye-tracking in order to rule out perceptual confounds that could interact with recognition performance. Second, we developed parallel versions of the task to accommodate test settings in clinical environments or longitudinal studies. The results show that older adults have a deficit in pattern completion ability with a concurrent bias toward pattern completion – a replication of previously found effects. Importantly, eye-tracking data during encoding could not account for age-related performance differences. At retrieval, spatial viewing patterns for both age groups were more driven by stimulus identity than by response choice, but compared to young adults, older adults’ fixation patterns overlapped more between stimuli that they (wrongly) thought had the same identity. This supports the observation that when making errors older adults choose responses perceived as similar to the correct stimulus, which is interpreted as a bias toward pattern completion. Additionally, two shorter versions of the task yielded comparable results, and no general learning effects were observed for repeated testing. Together, we present evidence that the MIC is a reliable behavioral task that targets pattern completion, that is easily and repeatedly applicable, and that is made freely available online.

scholarly journals Memory Image Completion: Establishing a task to behaviorally assess pattern completion in humans

Hippocampus ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Vieweg ◽  
Martin Riemer ◽  
David Berron ◽  
Thomas Wolbers
Keyword(s):  
Image Completion ◽  
Pattern Completion ◽  
Memory Image

scholarly journals I know your face but can’t remember your name: Age-related differences in the FNAME-12NL

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Enriquez-Geppert ◽  
J F Flores-Vázquez ◽  
M Lietz ◽  
M Garcia-Pimenta ◽  
P Andrés
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Associative Memory ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Age Effects ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Effects Of Aging

Abstract Objective The Face-Name Associative Memory test (FNAME) has recently received attention as a test for early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. So far, however, there has been no systematic investigation of the effects of aging. Here, we aimed to assess the extent to which the FNAME performance is modulated by normal ageing. Method In a first step, we adapted the FNAME material to the Dutch population. In a second step, younger (n = 29) and older adults (n = 29) were compared on recall and recognition performance. Results Significant age effects on name recall were observed after the first exposure of new face-name pairs: younger adults remembered eight, whereas older adults remembered a mean of four out of twelve names. Although both age groups increased the number of recalled names with repeated face-name exposure, older adults did not catch up with the performance of the younger adults, and the age-effects remained stable. Despite of that, both age groups maintained their performance after a 30-min delay. Considering recognition, no age differences were demonstrated, and both age groups succeeded in the recognition of previously shown faces and names when presented along with distractors. Conclusions This study presents for the first time the results of different age groups regarding cross-modal associative memory performance on the FNAME. The recall age effects support the hypothesis of age-related differences in associative memory. To use the FNAME as an early cognitive biomarker, further subscales are suggested to increase sensitivity and specificity in the clinical context.

Dichotic Word Recognition in Young and Older Adults

2006 ◽  
Vol 17 (04) ◽  
pp. 230-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina M. Roup ◽  
Terry L. Wiley ◽  
Richard H. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Word Recognition ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Directed Attention ◽  
Hearing Sensitivity ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Group A ◽  
Right Ear Advantage

Dichotic word recognition was evaluated in free-recall, directed-attention right, and directed-attention left response conditions. All participants were right-handed and included a group of young adults with normal hearing and two groups of older adults with sensorineural hearing loss. Dichotic word recognition performance was best for young adults and decreased for each older group. A right-ear advantage (REA) was observed for all groups. REAs observed in the older groups were larger than those for the young adults, resulting from a greater deficit in dichotic word recognition performance for words presented to the left ear. A subset of older adults exhibited few to no responses (≤3/100) for the left ear for all response conditions, which may relate to a compromise in auditory processing. The results support an age-related disadvantage in recognition performance for dichotic stimuli presented to the left ear not entirely accounted for by differences in hearing sensitivity between subject groups.

scholarly journals Effect of Cognitive Control on Attentional Processing of Emotional Information Among Older Adults: Evidence From an Eye-Tracking Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haining Liu ◽  
Haihong Liu ◽  
Feng Li ◽  
Buxin Han ◽  
Cuili Wang
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Spatial Cueing ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Cueing Task ◽  
Engagement And Disengagement

Background: Although numerous studies have suggested that the gradually increasing selective preference for positive information over negative information in older adults depends on cognitive control processes, few have reported the characteristics of different attention stages in the emotional processing of older individuals. The present study used a real-time eye-tracking technique to disentangle the attentional engagement and disengagement processes involved in age-related positivity effect (PE).Methods: Eye movement data from a spatial-cueing task were obtained for 32 older and 32 younger healthy participants. The spatial-cueing task with varied cognitive loads appeared to be an effective way to explore the role of cognitive control during the attention engagement and disengagement stages of emotion processing.Results: Compared with younger adults, older participants showed more positive gaze preferences when cognitive resources were sufficient for face processing at the attention engagement stage. However, the age-related PE was not observed at the attention disengagement stage because older adults had more difficulty disengaging from fearful faces than did the younger adults due to the consumption of attention by the explicit target judgment.Conclusion: The present study highlights how cognitive control moderates positive gaze preferences at different attention processing stages. These findings may have far-reaching implications for understanding, preventing, and intervening in unsuccessful aging and, thus, in promoting active and healthy aging.

scholarly journals Hippocampal and cortical mechanisms at retrieval explain variability in episodic remembering in older adults

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra N Trelle ◽  
Valerie A Carr ◽  
Scott A Guerin ◽  
Monica K Thieu ◽  
Manasi Jayakumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Decline ◽  
Cognitively Normal ◽  
Pattern Completion ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Hippocampal Activity ◽  
Fundamental Process ◽  
Individual Memory ◽  
The Relationship

Age-related episodic memory decline is characterized by striking heterogeneity across individuals. Hippocampal pattern completion is a fundamental process supporting episodic memory. Yet, the degree to which this mechanism is impaired with age, and contributes to variability in episodic memory, remains unclear. We combine univariate and multivariate analyses of fMRI data from a large cohort of cognitively normal older adults (N=100) to measure hippocampal activity and cortical reinstatement during retrieval of trial-unique associations. Trial-wise analyses revealed that (a) hippocampal activity scaled with reinstatement strength, (b) cortical reinstatement partially mediated the relationship between hippocampal activity and associative retrieval, (c) older age weakened cortical reinstatement and its relationship to memory behaviour. Moreover, individual differences in the strength of hippocampal activity and cortical reinstatement explained unique variance in performance across multiple assays of episodic memory. These results indicate that fMRI indices of hippocampal pattern completion explain within- and across-individual memory variability in older adults.

scholarly journals Encoding and retrieval eye movements mediate age differences in pattern completion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordana Wynn ◽  
Bradley Buchsbaum ◽  
Jennifer Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Memory Errors ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Pattern Completion ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
New Information ◽  
Encoding And Retrieval

Older adults often mistake new information as ‘old’, yet, the mechanisms underlying this response bias remain unclear. Typically, false alarms by older adults are thought to reflect pattern completion – the retrieval of a previously encoded stimulus in response to partial input. However, other work suggests that age-related retrieval errors can be accounted for by deficient encoding processes. In the present study, we used eye movement (EM) monitoring to quantify older adults’ pattern completion bias as a function of EMs during both encoding and partially cued retrieval. Analysis of EMs revealed reduced encoding-related differentiation (i.e., more similar EMs across encoded images) and increased retrieval-related reinstatement (i.e., more similar EMs across encoding and retrieval) by older relative to younger adults, with both encoding and retrieval EMs predicting false alarms. These findings indicate that age-related changes in both encoding and retrieval processes, indexed by EMs, underlie older adults’ increased vulnerability to memory errors.

scholarly journals Spatial pattern completion deficits in older adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meera Paleja ◽  
Julia Spaniol
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Pattern Separation ◽  
Pattern Completion ◽  
Completion Task ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Baseline Task ◽  
Cue Availability

Aging may have an impact on the CA3 autoassociative network of the hippocampus, posited by computational models as supporting pattern completion. Twenty-five young (YAs) and 25 older adults (OAs) performed a spatial pattern completion task using a computerized navigational paradigm analogous to a rodent pattern completion task reliant on the CA3. Participants identified a previously seen goal location, and the availability of distal cues in the environment was manipulated such that 0, 2, or 4 cues were missing. Performance in both groups declined as a function of decreased cue availability. However, controlling for age differences in task performance during a pre-experimental baseline task, OAs performed equivalently to YAs when all cues were available, but worse than YAs as the number of cues decreased. These findings suggest spatial pattern completion may be impaired in OAs. We discuss these findings in the context of a growing body of literature suggesting age-related imbalances in pattern separation vs. pattern completion.

scholarly journals Hippocampal and cortical mechanisms at retrieval explain variability in episodic remembering in older adults

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra N. Trelle ◽  
Valerie A. Carr ◽  
Scott A. Guerin ◽  
Monica K. Thieu ◽  
Manasi Jayakumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Memory Decline ◽  
Cognitively Normal ◽  
Pattern Completion ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Hippocampal Activity ◽  
Fundamental Process ◽  
Individual Memory

Age-related episodic memory decline is characterized by striking heterogeneity across individuals. Hippocampal pattern completion is a fundamental process supporting episodic memory. Yet, the degree to which this mechanism is impaired with age, and contributes to variability in episodic memory, remains unclear. We combine univariate and multivariate analyses of fMRI data from a large cohort of cognitively normal older adults (N=100; 60-82 yrs) to measure hippocampal activity and cortical reinstatement during retrieval of trial-unique associations. Trial-wise analyses revealed that hippocampal activity predicted cortical reinstatement strength, and these two metrics of pattern completion independently predicted retrieval success. However, increased age weakened cortical reinstatement and its relationship to memory behaviour. Critically, individual differences in the strength of hippocampal activity and cortical reinstatement explained unique variance in performance across multiple assays of episodic memory. These results indicate that fMRI indices of hippocampal pattern completion explain within- and across-individual memory variability in older adults.

EXPRESS: Age-related changes in gaze behavior during social interaction: an eye-tracking study with an embodied conversational agent

2020 ◽  
pp. 174702182098216
Author(s):  
Katarina Pavic ◽  
Ali Oker ◽  
Mohamed Chetouani ◽  
Laurence Chaby
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Virtual Agents ◽  
Conversational Agent ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Embodied Conversational Agent ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Gaze Behaviour

Previous research has highlighted age-related differences in social perception, in particular emotional expression processing. To date, such studies have largely focused on approaches that use static emotional stimuli that the participant has to identify passively without the possibility of any interaction. In this study, we propose an interactive virtual environment to better address age-related variations in social and emotional perception. A group of 22 young (18-30 years) and 20 older (60-80 years) adults were engaged in a face-to-face conversation with an embodied conversational agent. Participants were invited to interact naturally with the agent and to identify his facial expression. Their gaze behaviour was captured by an eye-tracking device throughout the interaction. We also explored whether the Big Five personality traits (particularly extraversion) and anxiety modulated gaze during the social interaction. Findings suggested that age-related differences in gaze behaviour was were only apparent when decoding social signals (i.e., listening to a partner's question, identifying facial expressions) and not when communicating social information (i.e. when speaking). Furthermore, higher extraversion levels consistently lead to a shorter amount of time gazing toward the eyes, whereas higher anxiety levels lead to slight modulations of gaze only when participants are were listening to questions. Face-to-face conversation with virtual agents can provide a more naturalistic framework for the assessment of online socio-emotional interaction in older adults, which is not easily observable in classical offline paradigms. This study provides novel and important insights into the specific circumstances in which older adults may experience difficulties in social interactions.

Aging and Input Devices: Voice Recognition Performance is Slower Yet More Acceptable than a Lightpen

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany Jastrzembski ◽  
Neil Charness ◽  
Patricia Holley ◽  
Jeffrey Feddon
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Speech Recognition ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Target Selection ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Input Devices ◽  
Speech Recognition Software ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Light Pen

Microcomputers are ubiquitous to modern society, yet older adults consistently perform more poorly than younger counterparts using standard input devices (e.g. a mouse). Prior research has revealed that direct positioning devices (e.g. light pen), minimize age differences and enable quick transfer to the non-preferred hand. This study investigates whether speech recognition may also reduce age-related declines and enhance performance of older adults in target selection tasks. Twenty-four participants ages 20–26 (M = 21.7), twenty-four participants ages 44-55 (M = 48.9), and twenty-four participants ages 65–78 (M = 70.4) were asked to select a specified target using either a light pen or speech recognition software (IBM's ViaVoice). Results revealed no age effects for type of device, but response times for target acquisition were approximately 2178 ms longer for speech recognition than the direct positioning device, and preference ratings were higher using speech as input versus the lightpen. Implications are discussed.

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