scholarly journals An Advancing Front of Old Age Human Survival

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenyun Zuo ◽  
Sha Jiang ◽  
Zhen Guo ◽  
Marcus Feldman ◽  
Shripad Tuljapurkar
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Unexpected Result ◽  
Age Changes ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Mortality Change ◽  
Advancing Front ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Definition Of

Old age mortality decline has driven recent increases in lifespans, but there is no agreement about trends in the age-pattern of old deaths. Some hypotheses argue that old-age deaths should have become compressed at high ages, others that old-age deaths should have become more dispersed with age, and yet others are consistent with little change in dispersion. However, direct analyses of old-age deaths presents unusual challenges: death rates at the oldest ages are always noisy; published life tables must assume an asymptotic age pattern of deaths; and the definition of “old age” changes as lives lengthen. Here we use robust percentile-based methods to overcome these challenges and show, for 5 decades in 20 developed countries, that old-age survival follows an advancing front, like a traveling wave. The front lies between the 25th and 90th percentiles of old-age deaths, advancing with nearly constant long-term shape but annual fluctuations in speed. The existence of this front leads to several predictions that we verify, e.g., that advances in life expectancy at age 65 are highly correlated with the advance of the 25th percentile, but not with distances between higher percentiles. Our unexpected result has implications for biological hypotheses about human aging, and for future mortality change.

scholarly journals Advancing front of old-age human survival

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (44) ◽  
pp. 11209-11214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenyun Zuo ◽  
Sha Jiang ◽  
Zhen Guo ◽  
Marcus W. Feldman ◽  
Shripad Tuljapurkar
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Direct Analysis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Unexpected Result ◽  
Age Changes ◽  
Mortality Change ◽  
Advancing Front ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Definition Of

Old-age mortality decline has driven recent increases in lifespans, but there is no agreement about trends in the age pattern of old-age deaths. Some argue that old-age deaths should become compressed at advanced ages, others argue that old-age deaths should become more dispersed with age, and yet others argue that old-age deaths are consistent with little change in dispersion. However, direct analysis of old-age deaths presents unusual challenges: Death rates at the oldest ages are always noisy, published life tables must assume an asymptotic age pattern of deaths, and the definition of “old-age” changes as lives lengthen. Here we use robust percentile-based methods to overcome some of these challenges and show, for five decades in 20 developed countries, that old-age survival follows an advancing front, like a traveling wave. The front lies between the 25th and 90th percentiles of old-age deaths, advancing with nearly constant long-term shape but annual fluctuations in speed. The existence of this front leads to several predictions that we verify, e.g., that advances in life expectancy at age 65 y are highly correlated with the advance of the 25th percentile, but not with distances between higher percentiles. Our unexpected result has implications for biological hypotheses about human aging and for future mortality change.

scholarly journals The Importance and Perspectives of Sovereign Wealth Funds in the Globalised Economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 03006
Author(s):  
Jan Černohorský ◽  
Kateřina Tesnerová
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Investment Strategies ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Sovereign Wealth Funds ◽  
Specific Investment ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Given ◽  
Asset Managers

Research background: The ever-increasing degree of globalization is reflected, among other things, in the establishment of relatively new institutional investors - sovereign wealth funds. Until the financial crisis in 2008, these funds were considered by many developed countries to be a potential threat to national security. However, this changed when they invested large sums in bankrupt companies and banks during the crisis. However, fears of their influence remain. Purpose of the article: The paper aims to assess the importance and perspectives of sovereign wealth funds in the world economy. In this paper, we start with the definition of sovereign wealth funds and distinguish them from other state asset managers. We also focus on assessing their importance within the global investor portfolio and their impact on global economic development. Methods: We used an analysis of available financial and economic data related to their activities and comparison with selected asset managers. Findings & Value added: We discuss their specific investment strategies and their transparency, which affect their credibility. Within the evaluation, the positive benefits outweigh the risks of sovereign wealth funds. However, we should always assess in the context of a specific sovereign wealth fund. The importance of sovereign wealth funds and their impact will continue to grow, even though their relative share of the global financial market is not very high. Thanks to their long-term investments, they contribute to greater stability of the financial markets of the given countries.

scholarly journals ПОКРОВНЫЙ И БЕСПОКРОВНЫЙ ПОСЕВ МНОГОЛЕТНИХ ТРАВ В УСЛОВИЯХРЕСПУБЛИКИ ТЫВА

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.T. Mongush
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Pure State ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Basic Part ◽  
Factor B ◽  
Experimental Field ◽  
Total Crop ◽  
Definition Of

В статье представлены результаты изучения разных способов посева многолетних трав. Культурные сенокосы региона на сегодняшний день являются, в основном, старовозрастными и низкоурожайными, в связи с чем создание сеяных сенокосов очень актуально. При этом способы посева трав изучены слабо. Опыт заложен в 2018 году на опытном поле ФГБНУ Тувинский НИИСХ . Цель опыта сравнительное изучение многолетних трав при разных способах посева в степной зоне Республики Тыва, определение влияния на их продуктивность разных покровных культур. Были посеяны многолетние травы: люцерна, эспарцет, кострец в чистом виде и в виде смеси. Посев проведен беспокровно и под покровом следующих злаковых культур: просо, овес, ячмень и суданская трава. Опыт двухфакторный: фактор А покровная культура, фактор В многолетние травы. При сравнительном изучении многолетних трав при разных способах посева в условиях степной зоны Республики Тыва установлено, что в год посева суммарный урожай зеленой массы многолетних трав и покровных культур значительно превышал урожай беспокровных посевов. Наиболее урожайным оказался вариант, где в качестве покровной культуры использовали суданскую траву (16,21 т/га). Наименьшая урожайность зеленой массы отмечена на посевах многолетних трав без покрова (1,56 т/га).In clause the results of study of different ways of crop of long-term grasses are submitted. The basic part of cultural haymakings of region for today are old-age and low-yielding, in this connection the creation seeded of haymakings is very urgent. Thus ways of crop of grasses are investigated poorly. Experience is incorporated in 2018 on skilled-experimental field FSBSI Tuvinian SRIA. The purpose of researches: comparative studying of long-term grasses at different ways of crop in conditions of a steppe zone of Republic Tuva, definition of influence on their efficiency of different integumentary cultures. Long-term grasses were sown: lucerne, sainfoin, rump in the pure state and as a mix. Crop is carried out bloodless and under a cover of the following cereal cultures: millet, овес, barley and a Sudanese grass. Experience two-factorial: the factor A integumentary culture, the factor B long-term grasses. At comparative study of long-term grasses at different ways of crop in conditions of a steppe zone of Republic Тuvа is established, that per year of crop the total crop of green weight of long-term grasses and integumentary of cultures considerably exceeded a crop bloodless of crops. Most fruitful has appeared variant, where in quality integumentary of culture used sudanese a grass (16,21 t/hа). The least productivity of green weight is marked on crops of long-term grasses without a cover (1,56 t/hа).

scholarly journals Extreme Prematurity and Pulmonary Outcomes Program in Saitama (EPOPS): A Study Protocol of a Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study of Extremely Preterm Infants in Japan (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumihiko Namba ◽  
Kosuke Tanaka ◽  
Sayu Omori ◽  
Kazushige Ikeda ◽  
Ken Kawabata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Respiratory Morbidity ◽  
Extreme Prematurity ◽  
Multicenter Cohort Study ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
Extremely Preterm Infants ◽  
Definition Of

UNSTRUCTURED Introduction: Because of the improvements in survival rates for preterm infants, not only the rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) but also that of long-term respiratory complications of premature birth are increasing, which results in financial and health burdens in developed countries. Thus far, risk factors of respiratory morbidities of extremely preterm infants remain unknown. Furthermore, the definition, as well as the predictive ability, of BPD for long-term respiratory outcomes are yet to be determined. Therefore, Extreme Prematurity and Pulmonary Outcomes Program in Saitama (EPOPS) aims to develop the diagnostic criteria for BPD and to determine the prognostic factors contributing to the long-term pulmonary outcomes manifested in extremely preterm infants. Methods and analysis: The EPOPS is an observational prospective cohort study performed by a consortium of six neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in Saitama, Japan. The subjects included in this study were infants (from each clinical center) with gestational ages 22 to 27 weeks, having an expected target of 400 subjects. This study aims to determine the definition of BPD and other perinatal factors which accurately predict the long-term pulmonary outcomes in survivors of extreme prematurity. Moreover, association between BPD and post-prematurity respiratory disease (PRD) will also be investigated using generalized linear models. Discussion: The EPOPS incorporates the aspects of neonatal care in secondary- and tertiary-level NICUs to develop the existing research studies on the definition of BPD, objective biomarkers, and outcome measures of respiratory morbidity in extremely preterm infants beyond the NICU hospitalization, thereby leading to a novel understanding of the nature and natural history of BPD and of potential mechanistic and therapeutic targets among at-risk subjects. Ethics and Dissemination: The protocol and consent forms were evaluated and approved by institutional review boards at each EPOPS center. Registration details: Not registered because of an observational study without any interventions.

Paying for end of life care in the UK

2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (561) ◽  
pp. 495-506
Author(s):  
John Stubbs ◽  
Jacob Adetunji
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Old Age ◽  
End Of Life Care ◽  
Care Home ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Care Homes ◽  
Life Care ◽  
Financial Cost ◽  
The Uk

To live to a ripe old age, untroubled by health problems, physical or mental, is an almost universal aspiration. But most people are not so lucky and will likely be in care homes for their final years, with varying levels of disease, disability and dementia. Kinley et al [1] maintain that over a fifth of the population of developed countries die in care homes. Moreover, the financial cost of this end of life care, which is the focus of this paper, can be daunting and require much planning [2]. It was reported in 2017 that, in the UK, care home costs are rising up to twice as fast as inflation [3]. Consequently the question arises about the long term affordability of such care to those having to fund it, a question that ever more people both nationally and globally are having to confront.

scholarly journals Mineral Resources of Mongolia as a Driving Force of the Country

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
Davaasuren Avirmed
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mineral Sector ◽  
The Social ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
The Government ◽  
Definition Of

This article covers the concept of mineral resources, the definition of scientists as a factor in the development of the country, the use of natural resources in developed countries, as well as the focus on human development, the historical development of Mongolia’s mineral sector and the sector. For example, in 2009 the Government of Mongolia signed an agreement with the Canadian company “Ivanhoe Mines” to develop the “Oyu Tolgoi” copper and gold deposit, a list of strategically important mineral deposits announced by the Government of Mongolia, and mineral resources. The contribution of the sector to the social and economic development of Mongolia, the rapid development of countries with low mineral resources such as Southeast Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore, the geographical and climatic, foreign and domestic “Mongolia has a vision for sustainable development In order to achieve the goals set out in the “Mongolia 2030” and “VISION 2050” long-term vision of Mongolia’s development, it is necessary to implement development policies and planning tailored to its specific needs.

Emerging Nutrition Gaps in a World of Affluence - Micronutrient Intake and Status Globally

2011 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfred Eggersdorfer ◽  
Paul Walter
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
New Science ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Micronutrient Intake

Nutrition is important for human health in all stages of life - from conception to old age. Today we know much more about the molecular basis of nutrition. Most importantly, we have learnt that micronutrients, among other factors, interact with genes, and new science is increasingly providing more tools to clarify this interrelation between health and nutrition. Sufficient intake of vitamins is essential to achieve maximum health benefit. It is well established that in developing countries, millions of people still suffer from micronutrient deficiencies. However, it is far less recognized that we face micronutrient insufficiencies also in developed countries.

Conditions for the Hi-tech Complex Development

2003 ◽  
pp. 26-39
Author(s):  
V. Maevsky ◽  
B. Kuzyk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Monetary Base ◽  
Complex Development ◽  
Bank System ◽  
Post Industrial

A project for the long-term strategy of Russian break-through into post-industrial society is suggested which is directed at transformation of the hi-tech complex into the leading factor of economic development. The thesis is substantiated that there is an opportunity to realize such a strategy in case Russia shifts towards the mechanism of the monetary base growth generally accepted in developed countries: the Central Bank increases the quantity of "strong" money by means of purchasing state securities and allocates the increment of money in question according to budget priorities. At the same time for the realization of the said strategy it is necessary to partially restore savings lost during the hyperinflation period of 1992-1994 and default of 1998 and to secure development of the bank system as well as an increase of the volume of long-term credits on this base.

The Reproduction Vector of the Russian Economy: 1999-2007

2008 ◽  
pp. 94-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sorokin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Real Sector ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Developed Countries

The problem of the Russian economy’s growth rates is considered in the article in the context of Russia’s backwardness regarding GDP per capita in comparison with the developed countries. The author stresses the urgency of modernization of the real sector of the economy and the recovery of the country’s human capital. For reaching these goals short- or mid-term programs are not sufficient. Economic policy needs a long-term (15-20 years) strategy, otherwise Russia will be condemned to economic inertia and multiplying structural disproportions.

Central Otago - Built on gold, growing on grass.

2014 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
Barrie J. Wills
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Land Use ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
District Council ◽  
Definition Of

A warm welcome to our "World of Difference" to all delegates attending this conference - we hope your stay is enjoyable and that you will leave Central Otago with an enhanced appreciation of the diversity of land use and the resilient and growing economic potential that this region has to offer. Without regional wellbeing the national economy will struggle to grow, something Central Government finally seems to be realising, and the Central Otago District Council Long Term Plan 2012-2022 (LTP) signals the importance of establishing a productive economy for the local community which will aid in the economic growth of the district and seeks to create a thriving economy that will be attractive to business and residents alike. Two key principles that underpin the LTP are sustainability and affordability, with the definition of sustainability being "… development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

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