scholarly journals Efficient coding of subjective value

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Polanía ◽  
Michael Woodford ◽  
Christian C. Ruff
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Limited Capacity ◽  
Inference Process ◽  
Efficient Coding ◽  
Mechanistic Explanations ◽  
Level Of Confidence ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Subjective Valuation ◽  
Optimal Decoding

AbstractPreference-based decisions are essential for survival, for instance when deciding what we should (not) eat. Despite their importance, choices based on preferences are surprisingly variable and can appear irrational in ways that have defied mechanistic explanations. Here we propose that subjective valuation results from an inference process that accounts for the information structure of values in the environment and that maximizes information in value representations in line with demands imposed by limited coding resources. A model of this inference process explains the variability in both subjective value reports and preference-based choices, and predicts a new preference illusion that we validate with empirical data. Interestingly, the same model also explains the level of confidence associated with these reports. Our results imply that preference-based decisions reflect information-maximizing transmission and statistically optimal decoding of subjective values by a limited-capacity system. These findings provide a unified account of how humans perceive and valuate the environment to optimally guide behavior.

scholarly journals From desire to subjective value: what neuroeconomics reveals about naturalism

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel F. Hartner
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Moral Agency ◽  
Moral Decision ◽  
Moral Decision Making ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Conceptual Foundations

Philosophers now regularly appeal to data from neuroscience and psychology to settle longstanding disputes between competing philosophical theories, such as theories of moral decision-making and motivation. Such naturalistic projects typically aim to promote continuity between philosophy and the sciences by attending to the empirical constraints that the sciences impose on conceptual disputes in philosophy. This practice of checking philosophical theories of moral agency against the available empirical data is generally encouraging, yet it can leave unexamined crucial empirical assumptions that lie at the foundations of the traditional philosophical disputes. To illustrate this, I compare recent work in the neuroscience of decision to traditional philosophical theories of motivation and argue that the traditional theories are largely incompatible with empirical developments. This shows that genuine continuity between philosophy and science means that in some instances the conceptual foundations required to explain the phenomenon of interest be developed by the sciences themselves.

scholarly journals Ekstraksi Informasi Semantik dan Spatiotemporal pada Artikel Online Terkait Bencana di Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-121
Author(s):  
Ashr Hafiizh Tantri ◽  
Nur Aini Rakhmawati
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Engineering Application ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Inference Process ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Semantic Approach ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The Impact

Indonesia is one country that has a high risk of natural disasters. Ranked in 36 out of 172 countries in disaster index and having 2,372 disaster incidents in 2017, actions need to be taken to minimize the impact of natural disasters. One of it is to do a hazard map modeling. In making hazard maps, several approaches can be used, one of which is the semantic approach to extract disaster information. Therefore, this study aims to develop a system that can be used to extract spatiotemporal and semantic information related to natural disasters in Indonesia. This study uses the NLP method in conducting the information extraction process and  carried out using the GATE (General Architecture for Text Engineering) application. In processing Indonesian language articles, it is necessary to develop the plugin because the Indonesian information structure is different from the default information structure in GATE application. The plugin development process is done by using ontology as the basis for determining semantic information. Literature study was carried out related to government regulations that further explained the need for semantic and spatiotemporal information about disaster events. system performance developed produces a precision value of 38% and a recall value of 32%. this is because the system experiences some difficulties in carrying out the information inference process. The reason for low precision rate is because the rules used in the inference process to pair the three types of information still cannot accommodate the variation of information positions in different sentences.

scholarly journals Efficient coding of subjective value

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Polanía ◽  
Michael Woodford ◽  
Christian C. Ruff
Keyword(s):  
Efficient Coding ◽  
Subjective Value

scholarly journals Value network engagement and effects of memory-related processing during encoding and retrieval of value

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Brittony Conner ◽  
Marilyn Horta ◽  
Natalie C. Ebner ◽  
Nichole Renee Lighthall
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Item Attribute ◽  
Subjective Valuation ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Encoding And Retrieval

Decision makers rely on episodic memory to calculate choice values in everyday life, yet it is unclear how neural mechanisms of valuation differ when value-related information is encoded versus retrieved from episodic memory. The current fMRI study compared neural correlates of subjective value while value-related information was encoded versus retrieved from memory. Scanned tasks were followed by a behavioral episodic memory test for item-attribute associations. Our analyses sought to i) identify neural correlates of subjective value that were distinct and common across encoding and retrieval, and ii) determine whether neural mechanisms of subjective valuation and episodic memory interact, reflecting cooperation or competition between systems. The study yielded three primary findings. First, we found similar subjective value-related activation in the fronto-striatal reward circuit and posterior parietal cortex across valuation phases. Second, value-related activation in select fronto-parietal and salience regions was significantly greater at value retrieval. Third, we found no evidence of an interaction between neural correlates of subjective valuation and episodic memory. Taken with prior research, our findings suggest that context-specific effects are likely to determine whether neural correlates of subjective value interact with episodic memory, and indicate that fronto-parietal and salience regions play a key role in retrieval-dependent valuation.

scholarly journals Neural Correlates of Value Are Intrinsically History Dependent

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangil Lee ◽  
Caryn Lerman ◽  
Joseph W. Kable
Keyword(s):  
Population Level ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Efficient Coding ◽  
Decision Neuroscience ◽  
History Effects ◽  
Repetition Suppression ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Out Of Sample ◽  
Prediction Approach

AbstractA central finding in decision neuroscience is that BOLD activity in several regions, including ventral striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, is correlated with the subjective value of the option being considered, and that BOLD activity in these regions can predict choices out of sample, even at the population-level. Here we show, across two different decision making tasks in a large sample of subjects, that these BOLD value-correlates are intrinsically history dependent. If the subjective value of the previous offer was high, the signal on the current trial will be lower, and vice versa. This kind of history dependency is distinct from previously described adaptation or repetition suppression effects, but instead is of the form predicted by theories of efficient coding such as time-dependent cortical normalization. In terms of practical application, since value-based choice behavior does not exhibit the same history dependence, neural prediction studies may exhibit systematic errors without accounting for history effects. The data-driven, interpretable, whole-brain prediction approach we use to identify history effects also illustrates one way to adjust predictions for neural history dependency.

scholarly journals Decision by sampling implements efficient coding of psychoeconomic functions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Bhui ◽  
Samuel J. Gershman
Keyword(s):  
Communication Channel ◽  
Frequency Theory ◽  
Noisy Channel ◽  
Response Distribution ◽  
Efficient Coding ◽  
Cognitive Limitations ◽  
Behavioral Observations ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Efficient Representation ◽  
Normative Justification

AbstractThe theory of decision by sampling (DbS) proposes that an attribute’s subjective value is its rank within a sample of attribute values retrieved from memory. This can account for instances of context dependence beyond the reach of classic theories which assume stable preferences. In this paper, we provide a normative justification for DbS that is based on the principle of efficient coding. The efficient representation of information in a noiseless communication channel is characterized by a uniform response distribution, which the rank transformation implements. However, cognitive limitations imply that decision samples are finite, introducing noise. Efficient coding in a noisy channel requires smoothing of the signal, a principle that leads to a new generalization of DbS. This generalization is closely connected to range-frequency theory, and helps descriptively account for a wider set of behavioral observations, such as how context sensitivity varies with the number of available response categories.

Preverbal subjects, information structure, and object clitic position in Old Occitan

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRYAN DONALDSON
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Left Periphery ◽  
Medieval Romance ◽  
Dialectal Variation ◽  
Left Dislocation ◽  
Topic Shift ◽  
Old Occitan ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Semantic Distinction

The position of object and adverbial clitics remains problematic in Old Occitan syntax (Wanner 2010). This paper analyzes clitic position specifically in affirmative main declaratives with overt preverbal subjects, in which clitics are either preverbal or postverbal with no apparent semantic distinction. Thus, the phrasesEn Constantiss’enanetandEn Constantis anet s’enare semantically equivalent, each meaning ‘Sir Constantine left’, whether the cliticss’en‘himself.from-there’ appear before or after the verbanet‘went’. Previous analyses have concluded that this variation is random (Mériz 1978) or due to regional or dialectal variation (Hinzelin 2007). Neither approach satisfactorily addresses the underlying grammar or the principles underlying the distribution of the variants. The present analysis draws on claims about the left periphery in medieval Romance (Benincà 2006) and reports empirical data from the troubadour biographies (vidasandrazos) and thevidaof Saint Douceline. Results from 470 subject–verb declaratives establish that the subject in subject–verb–clitic sequences is left-dislocated, albeit covertly so. This sequence is one of several instantiations of subject left dislocation in Old Occitan and usually signals topic shift.

An empirical review of gambling expansion and gambling-related harm

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 295-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debi A. LaPlante ◽  
Heather M. Gray ◽  
Pat M. Williams ◽  
Sarah E. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Peer Review ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Expansion Method ◽  
Responsible Gambling ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Empirical Comparison ◽  
Related Harm

Abstract. Aims: To discuss and review the latest research related to gambling expansion. Method: We completed a literature review and empirical comparison of peer reviewed findings related to gambling expansion and subsequent gambling-related changes among the population. Results: Although gambling expansion is associated with changes in gambling and gambling-related problems, empirical studies suggest that these effects are mixed and the available literature is limited. For example, the peer review literature suggests that most post-expansion gambling outcomes (i. e., 22 of 34 possible expansion outcomes; 64.7 %) indicate no observable change or a decrease in gambling outcomes, and a minority (i. e., 12 of 34 possible expansion outcomes; 35.3 %) indicate an increase in gambling outcomes. Conclusions: Empirical data related to gambling expansion suggests that its effects are more complex than frequently considered; however, evidence-based intervention might help prepare jurisdictions to deal with potential consequences. Jurisdictions can develop and evaluate responsible gambling programs to try to mitigate the impacts of expanded gambling.

Stereotype Internalization, Math Perceptions, and Occupational Choices of Women With Counter-Stereotypical University Majors

2007 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginie Bonnot ◽  
Jean-Claude Croizet
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Occupational Choices ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Performance Expectancies ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Stereotype Endorsement

Based on Eccles’ (1987) model of academic achievement-related decisions, we tested whether women, who are engaged in mathematical fields at university, have internalized, to some extent, the stereotype about women’s inferiority in math. The results indicate that men and women do not assess their ability self-concept, subjective value of math, or performance expectancies differently. However, women’s degree of stereotype endorsement has a negative impact on their ability self-concept and their performance expectancies, but does not affect their value of the math domain. Moreover, members of both genders envisage stereotypical careers after university graduation.

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