scholarly journals Similarity and strength of glomerular odor representations define neural metric of sniff-invariant discrimination time

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anindya S. Bhattacharjee ◽  
Sasank Konakamchi ◽  
Dmitrij Turaev ◽  
Roberto Vincis ◽  
Daniel Nunes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Euclidean Distance ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Fast Time ◽  
Breathing Frequency ◽  
Sampling Behavior ◽  
Neuronal Processing ◽  
Measure Of Similarity ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Intrinsic Imaging

AbstractThe olfactory environment is first represented by glomerular activity patterns in the olfactory bulb. It remained unclear, how these activity patterns intersect with sampling behavior to account for the time required to discriminate odors. Using different classes of volatile stimuli, we investigated glomerular activity patterns and sniffing behavior during olfactory decision-making. Mice discriminated monomolecular odorants and binary mixtures on a fast time scale and learned to increase their breathing frequency at a fixed latency after trial initiation, independent of odor identity. Relative to the increase in breathing frequency, monomolecular odorants were discriminated within 10-40 ms while binary mixtures required an additional 60-70 ms. Intrinsic imaging of odor-evoked glomerular activity maps in anesthetized and awake mice revealed that the Euclidean distance between glomerular patterns elicited by different odors, a measure of similarity and activation strength, was anti-correlated with discrimination time. Therefore, the similarity of glomerular patterns and their activation strengths, rather than sampling behavior, define the extent of neuronal processing required for odor discrimination, establishing a neural metric to predict olfactory discrimination time.

Penerapan Prinsip Pengadaan Barang dan Jasa melalui Aplikasi E-Purchasing dan E-Katalog

Wacana Publik ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (02) ◽  
pp. 81-92
Author(s):  
Mega Mawarni ◽  
Gading Gamaputra ◽  
Selvi Diana Meilinda
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Government Procurement ◽  
Fast Time ◽  
Transportation Equipment ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Type Data ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Research Type

Procurement of government goods and services carried out through e-catalog applications can make government procurement of goods and services efficient, the time required is shorter, the administration process also becomes simple. The procurement of goods through the E-Catalog application at the Inspectorate of East Java Province still faces problems in the implementation process. This research was conducted using qualitative methods with descriptive research type. Data collection techniques were collected using interviews, observation, and documentation. The results of research on the application of the principles of procurement of goods and services namely, Efficient, Procurement of goods through the e-catalog application can save the budget. Effective, the results of the procurement of goods carried out through the e-catalog application for all processes have been carried out with a fast time. Transparent, General Procurement Plan displayed on General Procurement Plan Information System contains all procurement information. Open, procurement of goods has been announced through General Procurement Plan Information System accessible to all the general public. Competing, Procurement of motorized land transportation equipment in the Inspectorate of East Java Province conducted through the e-catalog application, there is no competition between providers of goods and services. Fair, Procurement of motorized land transportation equipment is only provided by PT. ASTRA INTERNASIONAL, Tbk. –TSO as an official distributor of Toyota cars. Accountable, Procurement of goods and services in the Inspectorate of East Java Province is in accordance with regulations and results of procurement of goods can be accounted for.

The Relation between Vowel Recognition and Measures of Frequency Resolution

1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher W. Turner ◽  
Carol C. Henn
Keyword(s):  
Input Signal ◽  
Filter Bank ◽  
Euclidean Distance ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Frequency Resolution ◽  
Input Filter ◽  
Measure Of Similarity ◽  
Vowel Recognition ◽  
Acoustic Spectra

The purpose of this study was to employ measures of frequency resolution obtained from individual subjects to predict each subject's vowel recognition performance. Input filter patterns at six test frequencies were obtained from normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects. These patterns were used to correlate frequency resolution with vowel recognition in those same subjects. Vowels were presented at levels at which the entire spectrum was fully audible to each subject. Using each subject's measured filter characteristics (and interpolated values for intermediate frequencies), an "internal spectrum" of each vowel was calculated by determining the outputs of all filter channels for the vowel as the input signal. It was speculated that the more similar two internal spectra for a subject were, the more often they would be confused in the vowel recognition task. This expectation received some support when the measure of similarity was a point-by-point Euclidean distance between the two internal spectra. Stronger support was obtained when the measure of similarity was based upon Klatt's (1982) "weighted slope metric" that emphasizes similarities of spectral peak locations. The present study demonstrates a relation between impairments of frequency resolution and vowel recognition. The described filter-bank model of vowel recognition suggests that measures of frequency resolution along with the acoustic spectra of vowel stimuli may be useful in predicting the recognition of vowels by individuals.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Suhu Terhadap Siklus Hidup Lalat Buah (Drosophila melanogaster)

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-120
Author(s):  
Suharsono Suharsono ◽  
Egi Nuryadin
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Fast Time ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Time Required

Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) generally have four phases in their life cycle, namely eggs, larvae, pupae and imago. In general, Drosophila melanogaster experiences a life cycle of 8-11 days at optimal temperatures. At lower temperatures the time required to complete its life cycle is relatively longer and slower which is around 18-20 days. Whereas at higher temperatures adult flies that grow will be sterile. The development period of Drosophila melanogaster in its life cycle is influenced by several factors, namely ambient temperature, food availability, level of maintenance density and light intensity. This study aims to determine the effect of temperature on the life cycle of fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). The study will be analyzed using quantitative analysis using randomized block design (RBD) with six temperature difference treatments for each treatment and repeated 4 times so that there are 24 experiments. The results showed the development in the Drosophila melanogaster cycle starting from Egg - Larva (Instar I) - Larva (Instar II) - Larva (Instar III) - Pre Pupa - Pupa - Imago. The life cycle of Drosophila melanogaster has an average of 42.08 hours or 1.75 days up to 79.96 hours or 3.33 days in each treatment. And obtained a fast time during the life cycle of Drosophila melanogaster at a temperature of 30°C is 10.47 days and the longest at a temperature of 18°C is 18.35 days.

scholarly journals A Wearable Device for Breathing Frequency Monitoring: A Pilot Study on Patients with Muscular Dystrophy

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 5346
Author(s):  
Ambra Cesareo ◽  
Santa Aurelia Nido ◽  
Emilia Biffi ◽  
Sandra Gandossini ◽  
Maria Grazia D’Angelo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Wearable Device ◽  
Frequency Variation ◽  
Breathing Frequency ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
Variation Assessment ◽  
At Home

Patients at risk of developing respiratory dysfunctions, such as patients with severe forms of muscular dystrophy, need a careful respiratory assessment, and periodic follow-up visits to monitor the progression of the disease. In these patients, at-home continuous monitoring of respiratory activity patterns could provide additional understanding about disease progression, allowing prompt clinical intervention. The core aim of the present study is thus to investigate the feasibility of using an innovative wearable device for respiratory monitoring, particularly breathing frequency variation assessment, in patients with muscular dystrophy. A comparison of measurements of breathing frequency with gold standard methods showed that the device based on the inertial measurement units (IMU-based device) provided optimal results in terms of accuracy errors, correlation, and agreement. Participants positively evaluated the device for ease of use, comfort, usability, and wearability. Moreover, preliminary results confirmed that breathing frequency is a valuable breathing parameter to monitor, at the clinic and at home, because it strongly correlates with the main indexes of respiratory function.

Multiple-terminal hybrid graphics for control-system analysis

SIMULATION ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.R. Stanbery ◽  
L.L. Hoberock ◽  
J.G. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Graphical Analysis ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Fast Time ◽  
Root Locus ◽  
Nyquist Diagram ◽  
Dynamics And Control ◽  
Time Required

Hybrid computation can be extremely efficient, not only in solving certain dynamics and control-system problems, but also in the graphical presentation and analysis of results. Analysis routines, simu lation, and animation can be interactively graphed in a time-shared mode using analog generated dis play with storage-type terminal screens. Many types of control problems amenable to graphical analysis and solution display may not require the large memory and sophistication of all-digital graphics. Hybrid-analog graphics provide an effi cient alternative, as demonstrated with two examples using root-locus and Nyquist diagram analyses. By employing the digital computer on an intermittent basis for calculation of root-locus and Nyquist data, efficient use is made of the analog in solving differential equations describing the system and in generating displays. Parallel effort between the two computers minimizes the total computational time required. Programming of analog logic allows a number of users of terminals to simultaneously select analysis, simulation, or animation options; to set parameter values, initial conditions, and display options; and to change problem configurations. This allows each user interactive graphics for system analysis on a fast, time-shared basis.

scholarly journals Map making: Constructing, combining, and inferring on abstract cognitive maps

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seongmin A. Park ◽  
Douglas S. Miller ◽  
Hamed Nili ◽  
Charan Ranganath ◽  
Erie D. Boorman
Keyword(s):  
Euclidean Distance ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Behavioral Flexibility ◽  
Cognitive Maps ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Relational Information ◽  
Relational Structures ◽  
Limited Experience ◽  
The Status

ABSTRACTCognitive maps are thought to enable model-based inferences from limited experience that can guide novel decisions–a hallmark of behavioral flexibility. We tested whether the hippocampus (HC), entorhinal cortex (EC), and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)/medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) organize abstract and discrete relational information into a cognitive map to guide novel inferences. Subjects learned the status of people in two separate unseen 2-D social hierarchies defined by competence and popularity piecemeal from binary comparisons, with each dimension learned on a separate day. Although only one dimension was ever behaviorally relevant, multivariate activity patterns in HC, EC and vmPFC/mOFC were linearly related to the Euclidean distance between people in the mentally reconstructed 2-D space. Hubs created unique comparisons between the two hierarchies, enabling inferences between novel pairs of people. We found that both behavior and neural activity in EC and vmPFC/mOFC reflected the Euclidean distance to the retrieved hub, which was reinstated in HC. These findings reveal how abstract and discrete relational structures are represented, combined, and enable novel inferences in the human brain.

scholarly journals Synaptic learning rules for sequence learning

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Torsten Reifenstein ◽  
Ikhwan Bin Khalid ◽  
Richard Kempter
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Learning ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Fast Time ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Neuronal Mechanisms ◽  
Phase Precession ◽  
Millisecond Time Scale ◽  
Neuronal Processing ◽  
Synaptic Learning

Remembering the temporal order of a sequence of events is a task easily performed by humans in everyday life, but the underlying neuronal mechanisms are unclear. This problem is particularly intriguing as human behavior often proceeds on a time scale of seconds, which is in stark contrast to the much faster millisecond time-scale of neuronal processing in our brains. One long-held hypothesis in sequence learning suggests that a particular temporal fine-structure of neuronal activity - termed 'phase precession' - enables the compression of slow behavioral sequences down to the fast time scale of the induction of synaptic plasticity. Using mathematical analysis and computer simulations, we find that - for short enough synaptic learning windows - phase precession can improve temporal-order learning tremendously and that the asymmetric part of the synaptic learning window is essential for temporal-order learning. To test these predictions, we suggest experiments that selectively alter phase precession or the learning window and evaluate memory of temporal order.

Vulcanization of Rubber in the Presence of meta-Dinitrobenzene

1938 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-330
Author(s):  
J. M. Wright ◽  
B. L. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Complex Mixtures ◽  
Oxygen Analog ◽  
Consecutive Reactions ◽  
Rate Of Reaction ◽  
Sulfur Vulcanization ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Additive Compound

Abstract Since Ostromislensky (J. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc., 49, 1456 (1916)) claimed that vulcanization of rubber in the presence of m-dinitrobenzene entailed the addition of oxygen to the rubber molecule, it has been suggested that this form of vulcanization may be the oxygen analog of ordinary sulfur vulcanization. Blake (Ind. Eng. Chem., 22, 740 (1930)), however, extracted vulcanizates with acetone and determined the nitrogen content. If it were assumed that the unextractable nitrogen was combined with the rubber, the figures indicated that the chemical reaction was monomolecular, and in explanation it was suggested that consecutive reactions occurred, one of which was slow. The vulcanizate was concluded to be an additive compound of the vulcanizing agent with the rubber. Objects and Technic.—The objects of the present work were to answer two questions: (1) what are the reactants, and (2) in what manner do they react? It was hoped with the simplest binary mixtures to find what were the essential ingredients, and to proceed to increasingly complex mixtures to discover the roles of the various accessory substances. By vulcanization in solution it was found that the examination of the final reaction mixture was facilitated. The mixes were therefore dispersed in technical xylene, of boiling point 140° C., and vulcanized by boiling. At a particular stage, the rubber became insoluble, and the time required to arrive at this stage was a characteristic of the mix and was taken to be proportional to the rate of reaction.

scholarly journals Synaptic learning rules for sequence learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric T. Reifenstein ◽  
Richard Kempter
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Learning ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Fast Time ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Neuronal Mechanisms ◽  
Phase Precession ◽  
Millisecond Time Scale ◽  
Neuronal Processing ◽  
Synaptic Learning

AbstractRemembering the temporal order of a sequence of events is a task easily performed by humans in everyday life, but the underlying neuronal mechanisms are unclear. This problem is particularly intriguing as human behavior often proceeds on a time scale of seconds, which is in stark contrast to the much faster millisecond time-scale of neuronal processing in our brains. One long-held hypothesis in sequence learning suggests that a particular temporal fine-structure of neuronal activity—termed “phase precession”—enables the compression of slow behavioral sequences down to the fast time scale of the induction of synaptic plasticity. Using mathematical analysis and computer simulations, we find that phase precession can improve sequence learning tremendously and that the asymmetric part of the synaptic learning window is essential for temporal-order learning. To test these predictions, we suggest experiments that selectively alter phase precession or the learning window and evaluate memory of temporal order.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document