scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Reward and Punishment Effects Induced by Associative Learning

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan Wang ◽  
Killian Kleffner ◽  
Patrick L. Carolan ◽  
Mario Liotti
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Avoidance Learning ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Perceptual Processing ◽  
Early Event ◽  
Learning Criterion ◽  
Incentive Salience ◽  
Learning Effects ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Incentive Value

AbstractWhile reward associative learning has been studied extensively across different species, punishment avoidance learning has received far less attention. Of particular interest is how the two types of learning change perceptual processing of the learned stimuli. We designed a task that required participants to learn the association of emotionally neutral images with reward, punishment, and no incentive value outcomes through trial-and-error. During learning, participants received monetary reward, neutral outcomes or avoided punishment by correctly identifying corresponding images. Results showed an early bias in favor of learning reward associations, in the form of higher accuracy and fewer trials needed to reach learning criterion. We subsequently assessed electrophysiological learning effects with a task in which participants viewed the stimuli with no feedback or reinforcement. Critically, we found modulation of two early event-related potential components for reward images: the frontocentral P2 (170 – 230 ms) and the anterior N2/Early Anterior Positivity (N2/EAP; 210 – 310 ms). We suggest that reward associations may change stimuli detection and incentive salience as indexed by P2 and N2/EAP. We also reported, on an exploratory basis, a late negativity with frontopolar distribution enhanced by punishment images.

Modulation of Early Perceptual Processing by Emotional Expression and Acquired Valence of Faces

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Aguado ◽  
Berenice Valdés-Conroy ◽  
Sonia Rodríguez ◽  
Francisco J. Román ◽  
Teresa Diéguez-Risco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Face Perception ◽  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Perceptual Processing ◽  
Affective Valence ◽  
Neutral Face ◽  
Early Posterior Negativity ◽  
New Evidence

Modulation of early perceptual processing by emotional expression and the affective valence of faces was explored in an event-related potential (ERP) study. An associative procedure was used where different neutral faces changed to happy, to angry or, in a control condition, stayed the same. Based on these changes in expression, participants had then to identify each neutral face as belonging to a friendly, hostile, or neutral individual. ERP measures revealed modulations at occipital-temporal sites of the P100 and N170 components by both the emotional expression and the valence of the associated neutral faces. The early posterior negativity (EPN) component, however, was only sensitive to emotional expression. These results are consistent with previous findings showing that emotional expression influences face perception since early stages of visual processing and provide new evidence that this influence can also be transferred to neutral faces through associative learning.

scholarly journals Electrophysiological evidence of different neural processing between visual and audiovisual inhibition of return

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu Tang ◽  
Xueli Wang ◽  
Xing Peng ◽  
Qi Li ◽  
Chi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multisensory Integration ◽  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Perceptual Processing ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Electrophysiological Evidence ◽  
P3 Component

AbstractInhibition of return (IOR) refers to the slower response to targets appearing on the same side as the cue (valid locations) than to targets appearing on the opposite side as the cue (invalid locations). Previous behaviour studies have found that the visual IOR is larger than the audiovisual IOR when focusing on both visual and auditory modalities. Utilising the high temporal resolution of the event-related potential (ERP) technique we explored the possible neural correlates with the behaviour IOR difference between visual and audiovisual targets. The behavioural results revealed that the visual IOR was larger than the audiovisual IOR. The ERP results showed that the visual IOR effect was generated from the P1 and N2 components, while the audiovisual IOR effect was derived only from the P3 component. Multisensory integration (MSI) of audiovisual targets occurred on the P1, N1 and P3 components, which may offset the reduced perceptual processing due to audiovisual IOR. The results of early and late differences in the neural processing of the visual IOR and audiovisual IOR imply that the two target types may have different inhibitory orientation mechanisms.

scholarly journals Neural oscillations during conditional associative learning

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Clarke ◽  
Brooke M. Roberts ◽  
Charan Ranganath
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Delay Period ◽  
Neural Oscillations ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Single Trial ◽  
Past Performance ◽  
Beta Oscillations ◽  
Scalp Eeg ◽  
Gradual Process ◽  
Frontal Midline Theta

AbstractAssociative learning requires mapping between complex stimuli and behavioural responses. When multiple stimuli are involved, conditional associative learning is a gradual process with learning based on trial and error. It is established that a distributed network of regions track associative learning, however the role of neural oscillations in human learning remains less clear. Here we used scalp EEG to test how neural oscillations change during learning of arbitrary visuo-motor associations. Participants learned to associative 48 different abstract shapes to one of four button responses through trial and error over repetitions of the shapes. To quantify how well the associations were learned for each trial, we used a state-space computational model of learning that provided a probability of each trial being correct given past performance for that stimulus, that we take as a measure of the strength of the association. We used linear modelling to relate single-trial neural oscillations to single-trial measures of association strength. We found frontal midline theta oscillations during the delay period tracked learning, where theta activity was strongest during the early stages of learning and declined as the associations were formed. Further, posterior alpha and low-beta oscillations in the cue period showed strong desynchronised activity early in learning, while stronger alpha activity during the delay period were seen as associations became well learned. Moreover, the magnitude of these effects during early learning, before the associations were learned, related to improvements in memory seen on the next presentation of the stimulus. The current study provides clear evidence that frontal theta and posterior alpha/beta oscillations play a key role during associative memory formation.

scholarly journals Early Event-related Potential Effects of Syllabic Processing during Visual Word Recognition

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 1803-1817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Carreiras ◽  
Marta Vergara ◽  
Horacio Barber
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Visual Word ◽  
Early Event ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
N400 Component

A number of behavioral studies have suggested that syllables might play an important role in visual word recognition in some languages. We report two event-related potential (ERP) experiments using a new paradigm showing that syllabic units modulate early ERP components. In Experiment 1, words and pseudowords were presented visually and colored so that there was a match or a mismatch between the syllable boundaries and the color boundaries. The results showed color-syllable congruency effects in the time window of the P200. Lexicality modulated the N400 amplitude, but no effects of this variable were obtained at the P200 window. In Experiment 2, high-and low-frequency words and pseudowords were presented in the congruent and incongruent conditions. The results again showed congruency effects at the P200 for low-frequency words and pseudowords, but not for high-frequency words. Lexicality and lexical frequency effects showed up at the N400 component. The results suggest a dissociation between syllabic and lexical effects with important consequences for models of visual word recognition.

LiCl-induced flavor avoidance compared between rats and mice using a nondeprivation protocol

2004 ◽  
Vol 286 (2) ◽  
pp. R260-R268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil E. Rowland ◽  
Nicholas A. Nasrallah ◽  
Kimberly L. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Avoidance Learning ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
Normal Daily Intake ◽  
Conditioned Flavor

The present studies examine some parameters involved in flavor avoidance learning, using LiCl to induce malaise, in a novel nondeprivation protocol that allows direct comparison between rats and mice. The procedure involves daily presentation of a gelatin dessert that contains carbohydrate (Polycose) and a distinctive food flavor. Regular chow is additionally available at all times. Both rats and mice showed robust intakes of these gels with little change of gram intake as concentration of Polycose was varied in the range 2-30%; at the highest concentration, the caloric yield was ∼7% of normal daily intake in both species. Rats that were injected on three occasions with LiCl (0.75 meq/kg) 1 h after consumption of a flavored gel formed a complete and sustained conditioned flavor avoidance (CFA). In a two-flavor discrimination protocol, in which a second flavor was followed by injections of saline, rats showed complete avoidance of the LiCl-paired flavor and partial avoidance of the saline-paired flavor. Mice injected on three occasions with LiCl (6 meq/kg) 1 h after intake of a flavored gel formed a partial CFA; a more complete CFA was formed when there was no delay between removal of the flavor and the injection. Using this no-delay protocol, mice, like rats, showed avoidance of a saline-paired flavor in a two-flavor discrimination protocol, and the CFA was strong when the dose of LiCl was reduced to that used in rats (0.75 meq/kg). In comparable protocols, mice thus are able to form complete CFAs using low doses of LiCl that are comparable to CFAs observed in rats, but the interval between flavor and sickness over which associative learning can occur may be shorter in mice.

scholarly journals Experimental Manipulation of Muscularity Preferences Through Visual Diet and Associative Learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katy Jacques ◽  
Lynda Boothroyd
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Mere Exposure ◽  
High Status ◽  
Learning Effects ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Before And After

Body preferences are somewhat flexible and this variability may be the result of one’s visual diet (whereby mere exposure to certain bodies shifts preferences), associative learning mechanisms (whereby cues to health and status within the population are internalised and affect body preferences), or a mixture of both visual diet and associative learning effects (Boothroyd et al, 2012). We tested how these factors may drive changes in preferences for muscularity in male bodies across a male and female sample. Two studies were conducted where participants viewed manipulation images of high and/or low muscle mass males which were either aspirational (high status clothing and posture) and/or neutral (no obvious cues to status). Preferences for muscularity were recorded before and after exposure to such manipulation images to assess whether body preferences had changed following manipulation. We found evidence for both the visual diet and associative learning hypotheses. Exposure to muscular (non-muscular) male bodies increased (decreased) preferences for muscular (non-muscular) bodies regardless of image valence. Exposure to aspirational non-muscular male bodies alongside neutral muscular male bodies lead to a decrease in muscularity preferences.

scholarly journals Odor-taste interactions in food perception: Exposure protocol shows no effects of associative learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Fondberg ◽  
Johan N. Lundström ◽  
Janina Seubert
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Mere Exposure ◽  
Learning Effects ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Food Perception ◽  
Equivalence Tests ◽  
Taste And Odor ◽  
Chewing Gums ◽  
Hedonic Experience

Repeated exposure can change the perceptual and hedonic experience of food flavors. Associative learning during which a flavor’s odor component is affected by co-exposure with taste is thought to play a central role in this process. However, changes can also arise due to mere-exposure to the odor in itself. The aim of this study was to dissociate effects of associative learning from effects of mere-exposure by repeatedly presenting one odor together with a sweet taste and another without. Sixty individuals participated in two testing sessions separated by an exposure phase during which the stimuli were presented as flavorants in chewing gums. The gums were chewed three times per day for five days. Ratings of odor sweetness, odor pleasantness, odor intensity enhancement by taste, and odor referral to the mouth were collected at both sessions. Consistent with the idea of mere-exposure, odor pleasantness increased between the sessions independently of whether the odor had been exposed with or without sucrose. However, contrary to expectation, we found no evidence for associative learning effects on any of the outcomes. In addition, exploratory equivalence tests demonstrated that these effects were either absent or insignificant in magnitude. Taken together, our results suggest that associative learning effects on odor-taste interaction are either smaller than previously thought or highly dependent on the experimental setting. Future studies are needed to dissociate these two possibilities and, if experimental settings can be identified that reliably produce such effects, to pinpoint boundary conditions that prevents associative learning from taking place.

scholarly journals The Paraventricular Thalamus is a Critical Mediator of Top-down Control of Cue-motivated Behavior in Rats

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Campus ◽  
Ignacio R. Covelo ◽  
Youngsoo Kim ◽  
Aram Parsegian ◽  
Brittany N. Kuhn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maladaptive Behavior ◽  
Incentive Salience ◽  
Prelimbic Cortex ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Nucleus Accumbens Shell ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Incentive Value ◽  
Motivated Behavior ◽  
Paraventricular Thalamus ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractCues in the environment can elicit complex emotional states, and thereby maladaptive behavior, as a function of their ascribed value. Here we capture individual variation in the propensity to attribute motivational value to reward-cues using the sign-tracker/goal-tracker animal model. Goal-trackers attribute predictive value to reward-cues, and sign-trackers attribute both predictive and incentive value. Using chemogenetics and microdialysis, we show that, in sign-trackers, stimulation of the neuronal pathway from the prelimbic cortex (PrL) to the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) decreases the incentive value of a reward-cue. In contrast, in goal-trackers, inhibition of the PrL-PVT pathway increases both the incentive value and dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens shell. The PrL-PVT pathway, therefore, exerts top-down control over the dopamine-dependent process of incentive salience attribution. These results highlight PrL-PVT pathway as a potential target for treating psychopathologies associated with the attribution of excessive incentive value to reward-cues, including addiction.

scholarly journals A Combined Effect of Self and Reward: Relationship of Self- and Reward-Bias on Associative Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingyun Wang ◽  
Yuxin Qi ◽  
Lihong Li ◽  
Fanli Jia
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
The Self ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Perceptual Processing ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Learning Paradigm ◽  
Self Bias ◽  
High Reward ◽  
Reward Bias ◽  
Relationship Of

Previous studies have demonstrated that individuals process information related to themselves or a high reward quickly and have referred to this as self-bias or reward-bias. However, no previous study has presented self- and reward-bias simultaneously. The present study investigated perceptual processing using the associated learning paradigm when both self and reward were prioritized (condition of double salience) as well as when only self or reward was prioritized (condition of single salience). The present study established these two conditions by manipulating self-relevance (self vs. stranger in Experiment 1; self vs. friend in Experiment 2). The results showed that (1) when the self was pitted against a stranger and received a high or low reward, perceptual processing of the participants mainly involved self-bias (Experiment 1); (2) when the self was pitted against a friend, perceptual processing involved both self-bias and reward-bias (Experiment 2). The study revealed a complex relationship between self- and reward-bias, which depends on the degree of affinity between oneself and others.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document