scholarly journals Losing maternal care: Neotenic gene expression in the preoptic area of avian brood parasites

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen S. Lynch ◽  
Lauren A. O’Connell ◽  
Matthew I. M. Louder ◽  
Anthony Pellicano ◽  
Annmarie Gaglio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Maternal Behavior ◽  
Brood Parasitism ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Preoptic Area ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Gene Expression Patterns ◽  
Brood Parasites

AbstractParental care for is critical for offspring survival in many species. However, parental behaviors have been lost in roughly 1% of avian species known as the obligate brood parasites. To shed light on molecular and neurobiological mechanisms mediating brood parasitic behavior, brain gene expression patterns between two brood parasitic species and one closely related non-parasitic Icterid (blackbird) species were compared. Our analyses focused on gene expression changes specifically in the preoptic area (POA), a brain region known to play a critical role in maternal behavior across vertebrates. Using comparative transcriptomic approaches, we identified gene expression patterns associated with brood parasitism and evaluated two alternative explanations for the evolution of brood parasitism: reduced expression of parental-related genes in the POA versus retention of juvenile (neotenic) gene expression. While we did not find evidence for large scale gene downregulation, expression patterns did reflect substantial evidence for neotenic POA gene expression in parasitic birds. Differentially expressed genes with previously established roles in parental care were identified. Targeted examination of these selected candidate genes in additional hypothalamic regions revealed species differences in gene expression patterns is not POA-specific. Together, these results provide new insights into neurogenomics underlying maternal behavior loss in avian brood parasites.

scholarly journals Gene Expression Patterns Underlying the Reinstatement of Plasticity in the Adult Visual System

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ettore Tiraboschi ◽  
Ramon Guirado ◽  
Dario Greco ◽  
Petri Auvinen ◽  
Jose Fernando Maya-Vetencourt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Monocular Deprivation ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Gene Expression Patterns ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Critical Periods

The nervous system is highly sensitive to experience during early postnatal life, but this phase of heightened plasticity decreases with age. Recent studies have demonstrated that developmental-like plasticity can be reactivated in the visual cortex of adult animals through environmental or pharmacological manipulations. These findings provide a unique opportunity to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of adult plasticity. Here we used the monocular deprivation paradigm to investigate large-scale gene expression patterns underlying the reinstatement of plasticity produced by fluoxetine in the adult rat visual cortex. We found changes, confirmed with RT-PCRs, in gene expression in different biological themes, such as chromatin structure remodelling, transcription factors, molecules involved in synaptic plasticity, extracellular matrix, and excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. Our findings reveal a key role for several molecules such as the metalloproteases Mmp2 and Mmp9 or the glycoprotein Reelin and open up new insights into the mechanisms underlying the reopening of the critical periods in the adult brain.

scholarly journals A Large Scale Genetic Analysis of c-Myc-regulated Gene Expression Patterns

2003 ◽  
Vol 278 (14) ◽  
pp. 12563-12573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda C. O'Connell ◽  
Ann F. Cheung ◽  
Carl P. Simkevich ◽  
Wanny Tam ◽  
Xiaojia Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Expression Patterns ◽  
Regulated Gene Expression

scholarly journals Evolution of gene expression across species and specialized zooids in Siphonophora

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catriona Munro ◽  
Felipe Zapata ◽  
Mark Howison ◽  
Stefan Siebert ◽  
Casey W Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Trees ◽  
Species Trees ◽  
Examine Gene Expression ◽  
Specialized Tissue ◽  
Species Specific

Background: Siphonophores are complex colonial animals, consisting of asexually-produced bodies (called zooids) that are functionally specialized for specific tasks, including feeding, swimming, and sexual reproduction. Though this extreme functional specialization has captivated biologists for generations, its genomic underpinnings remain unknown. We use RNA-seq to investigate gene expression patterns in five zooids and one specialized tissue (pneumatophore) across seven siphonophore species. Analyses of gene expression across species present several challenges, including identification of comparable expression changes on gene trees with complex histories of speciation, duplication, and loss. Here, we conduct three analyses of expression. First, we examine gene expression within species. Then, we conduct classical analyses examining expression patterns between species. Lastly, we introduce Speciation Branch Filtering, which allows us to examine the evolution of expression in a phylogenetic framework. Results: Within and across species, we identified hundreds of zooid-specific and species-specific genes, as well as a number of putative transcription factors showing differential expression in particular zooids and developmental stages. We found that gene expression patterns tended to be largely consistent in zooids with the same function across species, but also some large lineage-specific shifts in gene expression. Conclusions: Our findings show that patterns of gene expression have the potential to define zooids in colonial organisms. We also show that traditional analyses of the evolution of gene expression focus on the tips of gene phylogenies, identifying large-scale expression patterns that are zooid or species variable. The new explicit phylogenetic approach we propose here focuses on branches (not tips) offering a deeper evolutionary perspective into specific changes in gene expression within zooids along all branches of the gene (and species) trees.

scholarly journals Unraveling the molecular heterogeneity in type 2 diabetes: A potential subtype discovery study followed by metabolic modeling

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Khoshnejat ◽  
Kaveh Kavousi ◽  
Ali Mohammad Banaei-Moghaddam ◽  
Ali Akbar Moosavi-Movahedi
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Gene Expression Pattern ◽  
Gene Expression Patterns ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Molecular Heterogeneity

Abstract BackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex multifactorial disease with a high prevalence in the world. Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion are the two major abnormalities in the pathogenesis of T2DM. Skeletal muscle is responsible for over 75% of the glucose uptake, thus plays a critical role in T2DM. Here, we attempted to provide a better understanding of abnormalities in this tissue. MethodsThe muscle gene expression patterns in healthy and newly diagnosed T2DM individuals were explored using supervised and unsupervised classification approach. Moreover, the potential of sub-typing T2DM patients based on the gene expression patterns was evaluated.ResultsA machine-learning technique was applied to identify a gene expression pattern that could discriminate between normoglycemic and diabetic groups. A gene set comprises of 26 genes was found that was able to discriminate healthy from diabetic individuals with 94% accuracy. In addition, three distinct clusters of diabetic patients with different dysregulated genes and metabolic pathways were identified. Conclusions This study implies that it seems the disease has triggered through different cellular/molecular mechanisms, and it has the potential to be categorized in different sub-types. Possibly, subtyping of T2DM patients in combination with their real clinical profiles will provide a better understanding of abnormalities in each group. Thus, this approach will help to recommend the appropriate treatment for each subtype in the future.

scholarly journals Unraveling the molecular heterogeneity in type 2 diabetes: A potential subtype discovery followed by metabolic modeling

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Khoshnejat ◽  
Kaveh Kavousi ◽  
Ali Mohammad Banaei-Moghaddam ◽  
Ali Akbar Moosavi-Movahedi
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Unsupervised Classification ◽  
Gene Expression Patterns ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Molecular Heterogeneity

Abstract BackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex multifactorial disease with a high prevalence worldwide. Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion are the two major abnormalities in the pathogenesis of T2DM. Skeletal muscle is responsible for over 75% of the glucose uptake and plays a critical role in T2DM. Here, we sought to provide a better understanding of the abnormalities in this tissue. MethodsThe muscle gene expression patterns were explored in healthy and newly diagnosed T2DM individuals using supervised and unsupervised classification approaches. Moreover, the potential of subtyping T2DM patients was evaluated based on the gene expression patterns.ResultsA machine-learning technique was applied to identify a set of genes whose expression patterns could discriminate diabetic subjects from healthy ones. A gene set comprising of 26 genes was found that was able to distinguish healthy from diabetic individuals with 94% accuracy. In addition, three distinct clusters of diabetic patients with different dysregulated genes and metabolic pathways were identified. Conclusions This study indicates that T2DM is triggered by different cellular/molecular mechanisms, and it can be categorized into different subtypes. Subtyping of T2DM patients in combination with their real clinical profiles will provide a better understanding of the abnormalities in each group and more effective therapeutic approaches in the future.

scholarly journals Expression Signature of the Mouse Prostate

2005 ◽  
Vol 280 (43) ◽  
pp. 36442-36451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle M. Berquin ◽  
Younong Min ◽  
Ruping Wu ◽  
Hong Wu ◽  
Yong Q. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Actin Binding ◽  
Migration And Invasion ◽  
Gene Expression Patterns ◽  
Normal Prostate ◽  
Mouse Prostate ◽  
Genetically Engineered Mice

Genetically engineered mice are being used increasingly for delineating the molecular mechanisms of prostate cancer development. Epithelium-stroma interactions play a critical role in prostate development and tumorigenesis. To better understand gene expression patterns in the normal sexually mature mouse prostate, epithelium and stroma were laser-capture microdissected from ventral, dorsolateral, and anterior prostate lobes. Genome-wide expression was measured by DNA microarrays. Our analysis indicated that the gene expression pattern in the mouse dorsolateral lobe was closest to that of the human prostate peripheral zone, supporting the hypothesis that these prostate compartments are functionally equivalent. Stroma from a given lobe had closer gene expression patterns with stroma from other lobes than epithelium from the same lobe. Stroma appeared to have higher expression complexity than epithelium. Specifically, stromal cells had higher expression levels of genes implicated in cell adhesion, muscle development, and contraction, in structural constituents of cytoskeleton and actin binding, and in components such as sarcomere and extracellular matrix collagen. Among the genes that were enriched in the epithelium were secretory proteins, including seminal vesicle protein secretion 2 and 5. Surprisingly, prostate stroma expressed many osteogenic molecules, as confirmed by immunohistochemistry. A “bone-like” environment in the prostate may predispose prostate cells for survival in the bone. Chemokine Cxcl12 but not its receptor, Cxcr4, was expressed in normal prostate. In prostate tumors, interestingly, Cxcl12 was up-regulated in epithelial cells with a concomitant expression of Cxcr4. Expression of both the receptor and ligand may provide an autocrine mechanism for tumor cell migration and invasion.

scholarly journals Large scale comparison of global gene expression patterns in human and mouse

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. R124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangqun Zheng-Bradley ◽  
Johan Rung ◽  
Helen Parkinson ◽  
Alvis Brazma
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Global Gene Expression ◽  
Gene Expression Patterns ◽  
Human And Mouse

scholarly journals Uncovering the transcriptional signatures of hub connectivity in neural networks

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurina Arnatkeviciute ◽  
Ben Fulcher ◽  
Alex Fornito
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Gene Expression Patterns ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Large Scale Network ◽  
Scale Network

Connections in nervous systems are disproportionately concentrated on a small subset of neural elements that act as network hubs. Hubs have been found across different of species and scales ranging from C.elegans to mouse, rat, cat, macaque and human, suggesting a role for genetic influences. The recent availability of brain-wide gene expression atlases provides new opportunities for mapping the transcriptional correlates of large-scale network-level phenotypes. Here we review studies that use these atlases to investigate gene expression patterns associated with hub connectivity in neural networks and present evidence that some of these patterns are conserved across species and scales.

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