scholarly journals Life history trade-offs in ectotherms impart a pseudo-hormetic response, not hormesis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm L. McCallum ◽  
Michelle Mary ◽  
Stanley E. Trauth
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Physiological Efficiency ◽  
Physiological Demand ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Ectothermic Vertebrate ◽  
The Face ◽  
Hormetic Response ◽  
Energy Surplus

AbstractAll organisms are faced with survival and fitness challenges. However, differences in how ectotherms and endotherms deal with these challenges causes confusion when theoretical explanations are proposed. Herein, an immunochallenged, immature ectothermic vertebrate increased growth in the face of immunochallenge, reminiscent of up-regulated physiological efficiency termed hormesis. The immunochallenged subjects increased food intake relative to control animals, a largely ignored possibility in previous studies. This likely led to an energy surplus that fueled additional growth. Although there was increased resource demand from the immune response that exceeded internal stores, the acceptably sized food items contained more resources than immunologically-driven demand required. We theorize that because ectotherms lack significant internally-stored resources compared to endotherms, they must feed to fuel increased physiological demand. This can lead to excess resource intake because the minimum acceptably sized prey contains more available resources than upregulation required. This creates a pseudo-hormetic hormetic response, fueled by excess food intake rather than significant improved physiological efficiency. Further, we speculate that lifespan and/or maturity may interact with resource management ectotherms, though our data are inconclusive on this matter. Ultimately, our data suggest additional growth when ectotherms face stressors is a pseudo-hormetic response stemming from increased food intake instead of upregulated physiological efficiency.

Risk Assessment of Sulphite Exposure through Foods Among Adolescents of Delhi (India)

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 685-693
Author(s):  
Arushi Jain ◽  
Pulkit Mathur
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Acceptable Daily Intake ◽  
Food Record ◽  
Government Schools ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Permissible Levels

Background: Sulphites added as preservatives in food have been associated with adverse health effects in humans. Objective: The present study was designed with an objective of assessing the risk of sulphite exposure through food in adolescents (12-16 years old) of Delhi, India. Methods: A total of 1030 adolescents selected from four private and four government schools of Delhi, were asked to record their food intake using a 24 hour food record, repeated on three days, for assessing exposure to sulphites. The risk was assessed using six different scenarios of exposure. Results: The actual intake for sulphites for average consumers was 0.15 ± 0.13 mg / kg b.w. / day which was 21.4% of acceptable daily intake (ADI). For high consumers (P95), it was 65% of the ADI. However, for 2 respondents, the actual intake exceeded the ADI. The major food contributors to sulphite intake were beverage concentrates (46%), ready to serve beverages (22%) followed by miscellaneous food items (16%), mainly ice creams and snowballs. Estimation of sulphite intake using different exposure scenarios revealed that for certain scenarios where the highest reported sulphite level or maximum permissible levels were considered for calculation, the high consumers exceeded the ADI, though, for average consumers, intake was well below the ADI. Conclusion: Actual intake of sulphite for average consumers was well below the ADI but for high consumers was approaching the ADI. People with sulphite sensitivity need to be aware of hidden food sources of sulphites.

An investigation of the face validity of a food intake questionnaire: lessons for dietary advice

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Johnson ◽  
A. F. Hackett ◽  
A. Bibby ◽  
J. Cross
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
Dietary Advice ◽  
The Face

The Winter Flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) in Long Pond, Conception Bay, Newfoundland

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1153-1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Kennedy ◽  
D. H. Steele
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Winter Flounder ◽  
Pseudopleuronectes Americanus ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Fish Remains ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Conception Bay

Monthly samples of winter flounder taken in Long Pond from November 1962 to October 1963 indicated that the flounder moved into deeper water (7–10 m) during the summer and returned to shallow water (1–2 m) from September to June. These movements corresponded to the end of the spawning season and the ripening of the gonads respectively. Spawning occurred from March until early June, most of it in May and early June. Most males were mature at age 6 and most females at age 7. Fifty percent of the males and females were mature at 21 and 25 cm respectively. The growth rates of the males and females were similar until the age of 8, after which the females apparently outgrew the males. Early growth and fecundity were similar to those reported for other areas. No feeding took place in December or January but the flounder fed in March and continued to feed throughout the summer; food intake decreased in the fall. They were omnivorous and the type of food eaten varied with the locality. Polychaetes, plant material, and molluscs were the most common food items throughout the year. Capelin eggs and fish remains were found only during a few months of the year but were eaten in great quantities.

scholarly journals Avoidance of Contaminated Food Correlates With Low Protozoan Infection in Bonobos

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Sarabian ◽  
Raphaël Belais ◽  
Andrew J. J. MacIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Individual Fitness ◽  
Behavioral Adaptations ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Protozoan Infection ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
The Individual

Intense selection pressure from parasites on free-living animals has resulted in behavioral adaptations that help potential hosts avoid sources of infection. In primates, such “behavioral immunity” is expressed in different contexts and may vary according to the ecology of the host, the nature of the infectious agent, and the individual itself. In this study, we investigated whether avoidance of contaminated food was associated with reduced parasite infection in sanctuary-housed bonobos. To do this, we used bonobos’ responses to soil- and fecally-contaminated food in behavioral experiments, and then compared the results with an estimate of protozoan infection across individuals. We found that avoidance of contaminated food correlated negatively with Balantioides coli infection, a potentially pathogenic protozoan transmitted through the fecal-oral route. The association between avoidance responses and parasitism were most evident in experiments in which subjects were offered a choice of food items falling along a gradient of fecal contamination. In the case of experiments with more limited options and a high degree of contamination, most subjects were averse to the presented food item and this may have mitigated any relationship between feeding decisions and infection. In experiments with low perceived levels of contamination, most subjects consumed previously contaminated food items, which may also have obscured such a relationship. The behavioral immunity observed may be a consequence of the direct effects of parasites (infection), reflecting the first scale of a landscape of disgust: individual responses. Indirect effects of parasites, such as modulation of feeding decisions and reduced social interactions—and their potential trade-offs with physiological immunity—are also discussed in light of individual fitness and primate evolution. This study builds on previous work by showing that avoidance behaviors may be effective in limiting exposure to a wide diversity of oro-fecally transmitted parasites.

scholarly journals Uneven balance of power between hypothalamic peptidergic neurons in the control of feeding

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (40) ◽  
pp. E9489-E9498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Wei ◽  
David M. Krolewski ◽  
Shannon Moore ◽  
Vivek Kumar ◽  
Fei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Endogenous Opioid System ◽  
Endogenous Opioid ◽  
Neuronal Projection ◽  
Functional Understanding ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Opposing Effects

Two classes of peptide-producing neurons in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) of the hypothalamus are known to exert opposing actions on feeding: the anorexigenic neurons that express proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and the orexigenic neurons that express agouti-related protein (AgRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). These neurons are thought to arise from a common embryonic progenitor, but our anatomical and functional understanding of the interplay of these two peptidergic systems that contribute to the control of feeding remains incomplete. The present study uses a combination of optogenetic stimulation with viral and transgenic approaches, coupled with neural activity mapping and brain transparency visualization to demonstrate the following: (i) selective activation of Arc POMC neurons inhibits food consumption rapidly in unsated animals; (ii) activation of Arc neurons arising from POMC-expressing progenitors, including POMC and a subset of AgRP neurons, triggers robust feeding behavior, even in the face of satiety signals from POMC neurons; (iii) the opposing effects on food intake are associated with distinct neuronal projection and activation patterns of adult hypothalamic POMC neurons versus Arc neurons derived from POMC-expressing lineages; and (iv) the increased food intake following the activation of orexigenic neurons derived from POMC-expressing progenitors engages an extensive neural network that involves the endogenous opioid system. Together, these findings shed further light on the dynamic balance between two peptidergic systems in the moment-to-moment regulation of feeding behavior.

Dietary Fluoride Intake of Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-522
Author(s):  
Emilie Wiatrowski ◽  
Louis Kramer ◽  
Dace Osis ◽  
Herta Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Fluoride Content ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Infant Diet ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Fluoride Intake ◽  
Group 1

The fluoride content of various commercially available food items used in the preparation of the infant diet for the age groups from birth to 6 months has been analyzed and the total daily fluoride intake has been calculated on the basis of these data. The dietary fluoride intake totaled 0.32 mg/day for infants in the age group 1 to 4 weeks, increased in the subsequent months due to increasing food intake, and totaled 1.23 mg for infants 4 to 6 months of age. These fluoride intakes expressed per kilogram of body weight ranged from 0.07 mg/kg in the newborn to 0.16 mg/kg in the 6-month-old infant.

Analysis of Sustainable Development Path for Green Finance

2019 ◽  
pp. 62-83
Author(s):  
Hsu Chao Feng ◽  
Lee Bi Ru
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
National Development ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Market Society ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Green Finance ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Government

The development of green finance is a global trend in the current era. At present, developing the green finance has been included as an important national development project by the Chinese government. With the rapid economic growth, the priorities or trade-offs between the economic development and the natural environment have also aroused different contradictions and problems. With the improvement of people's quality of life, they start to pay more attention to the pollution of the surrounding environment. Therefore, the government should properly intervene and propose effective measures, and green finance is an excellent tool to reconcile social economy and environmental protection and transform the physical investment, thus guiding the social resources towards the environmental protection industry and reaching an optimal interests allocation among the market, society, and government. Consequently, in the face of such a situation, it is necessary to propose a series of models and paths that suit the needs of the Chinese society and promote sustainable development.

Effects of intragastric hyperalimentation on pair-fed rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (2) ◽  
pp. R172-R180
Author(s):  
M. C. Walgren ◽  
T. L. Powley
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Compensatory Strategy ◽  
The Face ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Identical Number ◽  
Reducing Energy ◽  
Intact Rats

The present study was undertaken to determine the relative contributions of altered metabolic responses and excess food intake to the obesity and hyperinsulinemia of the ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) syndrome. This experiment, employing an intragastric hyperalimentation protocol, was also designed to address the related issue of whether altered energy utilization serves as a compensatory strategy for reducing energy retention in the face of excess intake. Separate groups of VMH-lesioned and sham-lesioned female rats were fed, either orally or intragastrically, up to 200% of the calories ingested by a normally feeding intact rat. Both VMH-lesioned and intact rats became obese and hyperinsulinemic when hyperalimented for 30 days, but rats with lesions deposited 25% more fat than intact animals receiving an identical number of calories. Estimates of total carcass energy indicated that rats with lesions required 11% less calories than intact rats to retain identical levels of energy. Furthermore, intact hyperalimented rats failed to evidence the caloric wastage that has been reported to occur in orally fed rats that overeat cafeteria diets.

Erythroid Homograft Following Leukocyte Transfusion in a Patient with Acute Leukemia

Blood ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 597-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL J. SCHMIDT ◽  
MITSUO YOKOYAMA ◽  
MARY H. MCGINNISS ◽  
ROBERT H. LEVIN
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Acute Leukemia ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Myelogenous Leukemia ◽  
Cell Group ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
The Face ◽  
Group A ◽  
Antibody Levels

Abstract The establishment of a hematopoietic graft of stem cells from a donor with chronic myelogenous leukemia in a patient with acute leukemia took place in the face of ABO red cell group incompatibility. The donor was group A and the recipient who was group O gradually increased his red cell mass to become 80 per cent group A. There was both active and passive immunity to A present at the time of induction of the graft. The graft flourished despite persistent anti-A agglutinins and an immune response in the B agglutinin and hemolysin system. Failure of the graft coincided with a fall in antibody levels and was followed by a second immune response which included marked elevation of 7S gamma globulin levels. Red cell incompatibility was not a barrier to this graft and failure of the graft was probably due to other immune mechanisms.

scholarly journals Sustainability in the Canadian Egg Industry—Learning from the Past, Navigating the Present, Planning for the Future

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Pelletier ◽  
Maurice Doyon ◽  
Bruce Muirhead ◽  
Tina Widowski ◽  
Jodey Nurse-Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Housing Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Face ◽  
Effective Decision Making ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
Societal Expectations ◽  
Management Changes

Like other livestock sectors, the Canadian egg industry has evolved substantially over time and will likely experience similarly significant change looking forward, with many of these changes determining the sustainability implications of and for the industry. Influencing factors include: technological and management changes at farm level and along the value chain resulting in greater production efficiencies and improved life cycle resource efficiency and environmental performance; a changing policy/regulatory environment; and shifts in societal expectations and associated market dynamics, including increased attention to animal welfare outcomes—especially in regard to changes in housing systems for laying hens. In the face of this change, effective decision-making is needed to ensure the sustainability of the Canadian egg industry. Attention both to lessons from the past and to the emerging challenges that will shape its future is required and multi- and interdisciplinary perspectives are needed to understand synergies and potential trade-offs between alternative courses of action across multiple aspects of sustainability. Here, we consider the past, present and potential futures for this industry through the lenses of environmental, institutional (i.e., regulatory), and socio-economic sustainability, with an emphasis on animal welfare as an important emergent social consideration. Our analysis identifies preferred pathways, potential pitfalls, and outstanding cross-disciplinary research questions.

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