scholarly journals A Meta-Analysis of Executive Functions in Frontal Cortex: Comparing Healthy and Neuropsychiatric Groups

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail B. Waters ◽  
Lance P. Swenson ◽  
David A. Gansler
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Adaptive Functioning ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Neuropsychological Testing ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Adult Performance ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractBackgroundThe neural architecture of executive functions remains a topic of considerable clinical and academic interest in the clinical neurosciences, given its strength as a transdiagnostic predictor of adaptive functioning with high heritability. In recent years, meta-analyses have shown a consistent relationship between prefrontal cortex size and executive functioning task performance in healthy adults and lesion patients, with increases in measures of cortical size (i.e., volume or thickness) associated with better executive functioning performance. There is a gap in meta-analytic literature assessing these relationships in neuropsychiatric populations, their effects relative to healthy controls, and differential contributions of brains regions and neuropsychological paradigms.MethodsWe conducted a meta-analysis of published studies (k =30) that assessed the relationship between executive functions and frontal regions in vivo (N = 1935) for both healthy (20 samples) and neuropsychiatric (21 samples) adults. Random effects modeling was used to calculate mean effect sizes and CIs.ResultsLarger volumes and thickness were associated with better executive functioning in both healthy (r =.35, 95% CI =.29 -.39) and neuropsychiatric populations (r =.47, 95% CI =.40 -.51), with the effect size for neuropsychiatric populations being significantly larger compared to healthy controls. While there was variability between tasks, there were no significant differences in effect size between neuropsychological paradigms or brain region classification.ConclusionsThese results indicate the relationship between healthy adult performance on neuropsychological testing is less associated with cortical size compared to neuropsychiatric adults.

scholarly journals Unity or diversity of executive functioning in children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress symptoms? A meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otelie Nyvold ◽  
Egil Nygaard ◽  
Else-Marie Augusti ◽  
Christian K. Tamnes
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Stress Symptoms

For some children the psychological reactions to a traumatic event develop into severe or persistent posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) or the clinical condition of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cognitive problems in children with PTSS have been reported, but it is not clear which specific functions are affected. Executive functions is a domain of particular interest, given its importance for academic performance and social and emotional functioning. A systematic literature search was performed and 12 studies with 55 comparisons of executive functions in children with PTSS and healthy controls were eligible for meta-analysis. A subset of the studies also included a comparison group of children with traumatic experienced but without PTSS. Overall, across all tasks and measures, children with PTSS showed lower executive functioning than healthy controls (SMD = -0.57). The effect sizes between the subdomains complex tasks, verbal fluency, inhibition, shifting and working memory were not significantly different from each other, but were largest for verbal fluency (SMD = -1.29) and working memory (SMD = -0.59). Analyses comparing children with traumatic experiences with and without PTSS similarly showed overall lower executive functioning in the PTSS group (SMD = -0.34) and no significant differences in effect sizes between subdomains. The results have implications for assessment and clinical work with youth exposed to traumatic events. We should be aware of the poor executive functioning that may be an issue for some children with a history of trauma and subsequent development of PTSS, and the impact this could have on everyday functioning.

The Relationship Between Immorality and Cleansing

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 303-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jedidiah Siev ◽  
Shelby E. Zuckerman ◽  
Joseph J. Siev
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. In a widely publicized set of studies, participants who were primed to consider unethical events preferred cleansing products more than did those primed with ethical events ( Zhong & Liljenquist, 2006 ). This tendency to respond to moral threat with physical cleansing is known as the Macbeth Effect. Several subsequent efforts, however, did not replicate this relationship. The present manuscript reports the results of a meta-analysis of 15 studies testing this relationship. The weighted mean effect size was small across all studies (g = 0.17, 95% CI [0.04, 0.31]), and nonsignificant across studies conducted in independent laboratories (g = 0.07, 95% CI [−0.04, 0.19]). We conclude that there is little evidence for an overall Macbeth Effect; however, there may be a Macbeth Effect under certain conditions.

The relationship between rumination and executive functions: A meta-analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergiu P. Vălenaș ◽  
◽  
Aurora Szentágotai-Tătar ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Relationship

Executive functions in children with heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
William M. Jackson ◽  
Nicholas Davis ◽  
Johanna Calderon ◽  
Jennifer J. Lee ◽  
Nicole Feirsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Planning Problem ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Context: People with CHD are at increased risk for executive functioning deficits. Meta-analyses of these measures in CHD patients compared to healthy controls have not been reported. Objective: To examine differences in executive functions in individuals with CHD compared to healthy controls. Data sources: We performed a systematic review of publications from 1 January, 1986 to 15 June, 2020 indexed in PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycInfo, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Study selection: Inclusion criteria were (1) studies containing at least one executive function measure; (2) participants were over the age of three. Data extraction: Data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two authors. We used a shifting unit-of-analysis approach and pooled data using a random effects model. Results: The search yielded 61,217 results. Twenty-eight studies met criteria. A total of 7789 people with CHD were compared with 8187 healthy controls. We found the following standardised mean differences: −0.628 (−0.726, −0.531) for cognitive flexibility and set shifting, −0.469 (−0.606, −0.333) for inhibition, −0.369 (−0.466, −0.273) for working memory, −0.334 (−0.546, −0.121) for planning/problem solving, −0.361 (−0.576, −0.147) for summary measures, and −0.444 (−0.614, −0.274) for reporter-based measures (p < 0.001). Limitations: Our analysis consisted of cross-sectional and observational studies. We could not quantify the effect of collinearity. Conclusions: Individuals with CHD appear to have at least moderate deficits in executive functions. Given the growing population of people with CHD, more attention should be devoted to identifying executive dysfunction in this vulnerable group.

A meta-analysis of the variables related to turnover intention among IT personnel

Kybernetes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmet Hakan Özkan
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Turnover Intention ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
It Industry ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
It Personnel ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the relationships between job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover intention of information technology (IT) personnel.Design/methodology/approach3,844 studies which are published between 1998 and 2019 are screened on ScienceDirect, Scopus and ProQuest databases. 10,523 subjects formed the first data set regarding the relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention, 7,903 subjects formed the second data set regarding the relationship between organizational commitment and turnover intention, 843 subjects formed the third data set regarding the relationship between empowerment and turnover intention, and 3,430 subjects formed the fourth data set regarding the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment.FindingsResults showed that the effect size of the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment is the strongest (r = 0.59). The effect size of the relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention (r = −0.50), and the effect size of the relationship between organizational commitment and turnover intention r = −0.51) were also large. But the effect size of the relationship between empowerment and turnover intention was medium (r = −0.34).Originality/valueThis study is rare, and it can be used by the managers working in the IT industry.

scholarly journals Quédate Quieto Niño: Bilingualism and ADHD Presentation

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 1248-1248
Author(s):  
S Del Corral Winder ◽  
A J Cook ◽  
M Poulakis
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Neuropsychological Testing ◽  
Past Research ◽  
White Children ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Differences ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objective This poster will focus on findings pertaining to the relationship between bilingualism and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a gap that currently exists in cultural neuropsychology. This poster will introduce the literature regarding bilingualism and the development of individuals’ executive functioning throughout their lifespan. Bilingual individuals often have enhanced executive functioning. This review will provide a foundation for the present study. Then, we will compare racial and ethnic differences in ADHD diagnosis and treatment. ADHD diagnoses tend to be higher for White children than for Hispanics raised in a non-English household. These findings suggest that bilingualism may affect the diagnosis and the expression of ADHD. Participants and Method This poster will consider the acquisition of executive control skills and language. Since ADHD and language develop before adolescence, this poster will focus on individuals between the ages of 3 and 12. This will allow us to better understand how language acquisition and the factors that surround language affect the expression of ADHD. Results The poster will present results from the literature review to better understand the results of bilingualism on ADHD. Bilinguals tend to outperform monolinguals in tasks related to reasoning and problem solving. However, bilinguals tend to struggle in tasks related to vocabulary retrieval. This is key because individuals with ADHD tend to perform worse on tasks related to executive functioning. The poster will display different methods used in past research in order to expand future implications. Conclusions ADHD appears to interrupt some skills that bilingual individuals possess. This interference may affect ADHD symptom expression and performance on neuropsychological testing. This may lead to misdiagnoses and a resulting lag in the provision of effective treatments for bilingual children. Thus, this poster will propose alternatives and implications for practice.

scholarly journals Meta-analysis of Theory of Mind (ToM) impairment in bipolar disorder

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bora ◽  
C. Bartholomeusz ◽  
C. Pantelis
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Interpersonal Problems ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Manic Symptoms ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundTheory of mind (ToM) dysfunction is prominent in a number of psychiatric disorders, in particular, autism and schizophrenia, and can play a significant role in poor functioning. There is now emerging evidence suggesting that ToM abilities are also impaired in bipolar disorder (BP); however, the relationship between ToM deficits and mood state is not clear.MethodWe conducted a meta-analysis of ToM studies in BP. Thirty-four studies comparing 1214 patients with BP and 1097 healthy controls were included. BP groups included remitted (18 samples, 545 BP patients), subsyndromal (12 samples, 510 BP patients), and acute (manic and/or depressed) (10 samples, 159 BP patients) patients.ResultsToM performance was significantly impaired in BP compared to controls. This impairment was evident across different types of ToM tasks (including affective/cognitive and verbal/visual) and was also evident in strictly euthymic patients with BP (d = 0.50). There were no significant differences between remitted and subsyndromal samples. However, ToM deficit was significantly more severe during acute episodes (d = 1.23). ToM impairment was significantly associated with neurocognitive and particularly with manic symptoms.ConclusionSignificant but modest sized ToM dysfunction is evident in remitted and subsyndromal BP. Acute episodes are associated with more robust ToM deficits. Exacerbation of ToM deficits may contribute to the more significant interpersonal problems observed in patients with acute or subsyndromal manic symptoms. There is a need for longitudinal studies comparing the developmental trajectory of ToM deficits across the course of the illness.

scholarly journals Association between fish intake and glioma risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 030006052093969
Author(s):  
Honcho Lei ◽  
Chiho To ◽  
Unpeng Lei
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Fish Intake ◽  
Random Effects Model ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Fresh Fish ◽  
Glioma Risk ◽  
The Relationship

Objectives We investigated the association between the consumption of fresh and processed fish and glioma risk using a meta-analysis approach. Methods We selected and analyzed observational studies that discussed the relationships between fresh and processed fish intake on glioma risk from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the SinoMed and Wanfang databases from inception to 31 March 2020. Studies were selected according to pre-established eligibility criteria and data were extracted separately by two researchers. A meta-analysis was conducted based on a random-effects model to provide pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Eight studies considered the relationship between fish intake (seven fresh and seven processed fish) and glioma risk and were included in this meta-analysis. The OR effect size for fresh fish intake and glioma risk was 0.72 (95%CI 0.53–0.97) and the overall OR effect size for processed fish intake and glioma risk was 1.88 (95%CI 1.06–3.34). Conclusion Dietary intake of fresh fish may reduce the risk of glioma, but consumption of processed fish may increase the risk of glioma. This study had some limitations, and further studies are therefore required to clarify the associations between fish intake and glioma risk.

Neurocognitive impairment in deficit and non-deficit schizophrenia: a meta-analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (14) ◽  
pp. 2401-2413 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bora ◽  
B. Binnur Akdede ◽  
K. Alptekin
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Deficit Syndrome ◽  
Deficit Schizophrenia ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Severe Impairment ◽  
Neurocognitive Profiles ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundMost studies suggested that patients with deficit schizophrenia have more severe impairment compared with patients with non-deficit schizophrenia. However, it is not clear whether deficit and non-deficit schizophrenia are associated with differential neurocognitive profiles.MethodsThe aim of this meta-analytic review was to compare cognitive performances of deficit and non-deficit patients with each other and with healthy controls. In the current meta-analysis, differences in cognitive abilities between 897 deficit and 1636 non-deficit patients with schizophrenia were examined. Cognitive performances of 899 healthy controls were also compared with 350 patients with deficit and 592 non-deficit schizophrenia.ResultsBoth deficit (d= 1.04–1.53) and non-deficit (d= 0.68–1.19) schizophrenia were associated with significant deficits in all cognitive domains. Deficit patients underperformed non-deficit patients in all cognitive domains (d= 0.24–0.84) and individual tasks (d= 0.39–0.93). The relationship between deficit syndrome and impairment in olfaction, social cognition, verbal fluency, and speed-based cognitive tasks were relatively stronger.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that there is consistent evidence for a significant relationship between deficit syndrome and more severe cognitive impairment in schizophrenia.

Executive functions in children with frontal and temporal lobe epilepsy

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 623-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Culhane-Shelburne ◽  
Lynn Chapieski ◽  
Merrill Hiscock ◽  
Daniel Glaze
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Adaptive Functioning ◽  
Seizure Type ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Nonverbal Memory ◽  
Psychometric Studies

AbstractEven though frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) is a relatively common seizure type, no formal psychometric studies of children with FLE have been reported. We compared 12 children with FLE and 15 children with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) on neuropsychological tests of attention, memory, executive functioning, and adaptive functioning. The results of these tests indicated that the children with FLE had deficits in planning and executive functions, whereas their verbal and nonverbal memory was intact. The opposite pattern was observed in children with TLE. Measures of executive functioning and impulse control were the best predictors of adaptive functioning. The findings suggest that children with FLE have a pattern of cognitive deficits that differs markedly from the pattern seen in children with TLE. Children with FLE have prominent deficits in executive functioning that appear to be related to poor behavioral adaptation.

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