scholarly journals Time Lags and Niche Shifts in a Biological Invasion of Hummingbirds

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Battey
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Realized Niche ◽  
The North ◽  
Introduced Plants ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Niche Shifts ◽  
Calypte Anna

Shifts in a species’ realized niche can lead to rapid population growth by increasing the carrying capacity of local habitats and allowing colonization of new areas. This process is well known in “invasive” species introduced to novel ranges by humans, but can also occur when native species expand their range. In these cases expansions may be driven either by a shift in the available environment or by a shift in the species’ use of existing niche space, but identifying the specific environmental or behavioral changes involved is often hindered by time lags in the process of colonization. Here I document a century of range shifts in the Anna’s Hummingbird (Calypte anna) and show that recent abundance in the Pacific Northwest is the product of a series of range and niche expansions that started in the early 20thcentury following the spread of garden cultivation and introduced plant species in California. Demographic trends in the northwest have tracked simple models of exponential growth since populations became established in the 1960’s and 70’s, and nest records suggest that the species has delayed the beginning of the breeding season by at least 18 days in the north. Niche models trained on historic climate and occurrence data fail to predict the modern range, suggesting that climate change is not the primary cause of the expansion. Range expansions in the Anna’s Hummingbird thus closely track the dynamics of an invasive species spreading across a novel range, and were made possible by a mix of introduced plants, phenological acclimation, and an expansion of the realized climatic niche.

An invasive ant distribution database to support biosecurity risk analysis in the Pacific

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica A. M. Gruber ◽  
Meghan Cooling ◽  
Allan R. Burne
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Invasive Ants ◽  
Invasive Ant ◽  
Conflicting Information ◽  
The Pacific

Invasive species are one of the most serious threats to biodiversity. Up-to-date and accurate information on the distribution of invasive species is an important biosecurity risk analysis tool. Several databases are available to determine the distributions of invasive and native species. However, keeping this information current is a real challenge. Ants are among the most widespread invasive species. Five species of ants are listed in the IUCN list of damaging invasive species, and many other species are also invasive in the Pacific. We sought to determine and update the distribution information for the 18 most problematic invasive ant species in the Pacific to assist Small Island Developing States with risk analysis. We compared the information on six public databases, conducted a literature review, and contacted experts on invasive ants in the Pacific region to resolve conflicting information. While most public records were accurate we found some new records had not yet been incorporated in the public databases, and some information was inaccurate. The maintenance of public databases faces an enormous challenge in balancing completeness (~15 000 ant species in this case) with accuracy (the impossibility of constantly surveying) and utility.

Climate-induced expansions of invasive species in the Pacific Northwest, North America: a synthesis of observations and projections

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 2163-2183
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Gervais ◽  
Ryan Kovach ◽  
Adam Sepulveda ◽  
Robert Al-Chokhachy ◽  
J. Joseph Giersch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
North America ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
The Pacific

GENETIC POPULATION STRUCTURE OFPSEUDO-NITZSCHIA PUNGENS(BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) FROM THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST AND THE NORTH SEA

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 1037-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolaus G. Adams ◽  
Vera L. Trainer ◽  
Gabrielle Rocap ◽  
Russell P. Herwig ◽  
Lorenz Hauser
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Genetic Population Structure ◽  
Genetic Population ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Nitzschia Pungens

Phylogeography of black bears (Ursus americanus) of the Pacific Northwest

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (7) ◽  
pp. 1218-1223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen D Stone ◽  
Joseph A Cook
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Ursus Americanus ◽  
Black Bear ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Southeast Alaska ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
And Control

Phylogeographic study across codistributed taxa provides temporal and spatial perspectives on the assemblage of communities. A repeated pattern of intraspecific diversification within several taxa of the Pacific Northwest has been documented, and we contribute additional information to this growing data set. We analyzed variation in two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome b and control region) for the black bear (Ursus americanus) and expand previous analyses of phylogeographic variation. Two lineages (coastal and continental) exist; the coastal lineage extends along the Pacific coast from the Takhin River north of Glacier Bay National Park, southeast Alaska, to northern California, whereas the continental lineage is more widespread, occurring from central Alaska to the east coast. Both lineages occur along the coast of southeast Alaska, where interlineage divergence ranged from 3.1 to 3.6% (uncorrected p distances). Multiple lineages of other species have also been identified from southeast Alaska, indicating a complex history for the assembly of biotic communities along the North Pacific coast. The overlapping of the distributions of the black bear lineages with those of other birds and mammals suggests comparable routes of colonization.

The North Pacific Oscillation–West Pacific Teleconnection Pattern: Mature-Phase Structure and Winter Impacts

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1979-1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan E. Linkin ◽  
Sumant Nigam
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Geopotential Height ◽  
Storm Track ◽  
Teleconnection Pattern ◽  
Sea Level Pressure ◽  
Level Pressure ◽  
The North ◽  
Mature Phase ◽  
The Pacific

Abstract The North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) in sea level pressure and its upper-air geopotential height signature, the west Pacific (WP) teleconnection pattern, constitute a prominent mode of winter midlatitude variability, the NPO/WP. Its mature-phase expression is identified from principal component analysis of monthly sea level pressure variability as the second leading mode just behind the Pacific–North American variability pattern. NPO/WP variability, primarily on subseasonal time scales, is characterized by a large-scale meridional dipole in SLP and geopotential height over the Pacific and is linked to meridional movements of the Asian–Pacific jet and Pacific storm track modulation. The hemispheric height anomalies at upper levels resemble the climatological stationary wave pattern attributed to transient eddy forcing. The NPO/WP divergent circulation is thermal wind restoring, pointing to independent forcing of jet fluctuations. Intercomparison of sea level pressure, geopotential height, and zonal wind anomaly structure reveals that NPO/WP is a basin analog of the NAO, which is not surprising given strong links to storm track variability in both cases. The NPO/WP variability is influential: its impact on Alaskan, Pacific Northwest, Canadian, and U.S. winter surface air temperatures is substantial—more than that of PNA or ENSO. It is likewise more influential on the Pacific Northwest, western Mexico, and south-central Great Plains winter precipitation. Finally, and perhaps, most importantly, NPO/WP is strongly linked to marginal ice zone variability of the Arctic seas with an influence that surpasses that of other Pacific modes. Although NPO/WP variability and impacts have not been as extensively analyzed as its Pacific cousins (PNA, ENSO), it is shown to be more consequential for Arctic sea ice and North American winter hydroclimate.

scholarly journals Four Crayfishes (Decapoda: Cambaridae) New to the North Carolina Fauna, With Notes on Other Species in the State

2013 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Cooper ◽  
William T. Russ
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Single Specimen ◽  
The North ◽  
New Localities ◽  
Voucher Specimens

Abstract Cambarus (Puncticambarus) aldermanorum, originally considered endemic to South Carolina, is now known from the upper Catawba River basin in Burke and Caldwell counties, North Carolina. Orconectes (Crockerinus) erichsonianus and Orconectes (Procericambarus) forceps, both previously known from Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee and Virginia, are apparently now expanding their ranges from Tennessee into the French Broad River basin in Madison County, North Carolina. Cambarus (Cambarus) eeseeohensis, an endemic species once considered limited in distribution to the Linville River in Avery County, is reported from the Watauga River basin in Watauga County and the Johns River subdrainage of the Catawba River basin in Avery County. Voucher specimens for new localities for an undescribed endemic species, Orconectes (Procericambarus) sp. (the “Cheoah” crayfish), and two invasive species, Orconectes (Gremicambarus) virilis and Orconectes (Procericambarus) rusticus, are provided. A single specimen of a non-native species, Procambarus (Pennides) spiculifer, is reported from a tributary of the Watauga River in Watauga County. Some life history and taxonomic notes for several of the species are included.

scholarly journals How to Make a Weed: The Saga of the Slender False Brome Invasion in the North American West and Lessons for the Future

BioScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 496-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitchell B Cruzan
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
American West ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Plant Introduction ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Brachypodium Sylvaticum ◽  
North American West ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Herbarium Collections

Abstract Historical herbarium collections and genetic analyses indicate that slender false brome (Brachypodium sylvaticum) was first introduced in test gardens in Oregon in the early 1900 s as part of the USDA’s plant introduction program. A small number of naturalized populations were established, but it was not until several decades later that this alien species became an aggressive invader. The Oregon invasive strains of false brome were generated as a consequence of mating among genetically divergent lineages. The resulting hybrid populations contained high levels of genetic variation that fueled the evolution of specific adaptations to the Pacific Northwest climate and ultimately generated genetically superior lineages. Although the false brome invasion has caused significant ecological and economic harm and is expected to continue spreading across western North America, understanding the circumstances that have promoted its success may provide valuable lessons for the management of native plants under pressure from global climate change.

scholarly journals On the Emergence of Cryptococcus gattii in the Pacific Northwest: Ballast Tanks, Tsunamis, and Black Swans

mBio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Engelthaler ◽  
Arturo Casadevall
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Cryptococcus Gattii ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The North ◽  
Black Swans ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Ballast Tanks ◽  
Phylogenomic Analyses

ABSTRACT The appearance of Cryptococcus gattii in the North American Pacific Northwest (PNW) in 1999 was an unexpected and is still an unexplained event. Recent phylogenomic analyses strongly suggest that this pathogenic fungus arrived in the PNW approximately 7 to 9 decades ago. In this paper, we theorize that the ancestors of the PNW C. gattii clones arrived in the area by shipborne transport, possibly in contaminated ballast, and established themselves in coastal waters early in the 20th century. In 1964, a tsunami flooded local coastal regions, transporting C. gattii to land. The occurrence of cryptococcosis in animals and humans 3 decades later suggests that adaptation to local environs took time, possibly requiring an increase in virulence and further dispersal. Tsunamis as a mechanism for the seeding of land with pathogenic waterborne microbes may have important implications for our understanding of how infectious diseases emerge in certain regions. This hypothesis suggests experimental work for its validation or refutation.

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