scholarly journals Detecting and harmonizing scanner differences in the ABCD study - annual release 1.0

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan M. Nielson ◽  
Francisco Pereira ◽  
Charles Y. Zheng ◽  
Nino Migineishvili ◽  
John A. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Empirical Bayes ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Balanced Sampling ◽  
Empirical Bayes Approach ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time ◽  
And Task

In order to obtain the sample sizes needed for robustly reproducible effects, it is often necessary to acquire data at multiple sites using different MRI scanners. This poses a challenge for investigators to account for the variance due to scanner, as balanced sampling is often not an option. Similarly, longitudinal studies must deal with known and unknown changes to scanner hardware and software over time. In this manuscript, we have explored scanner-related differences in the dataset recently released by the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) project, a multi-site, longitudinal study of children age 9-10. We demonstrate that scanner manufacturer, model, as well as the individual scanner itself, are detectable in the resting and task-based fMRI results of the ABCD dataset. We further demonstrate that these differences can be harmonized using an empirical Bayes approach known as ComBat. We argue that accounting for scanner variance, including even minor differences in scanner hardware or software, is crucial for any analysis.

Trajectories of major depression disorders: A systematic review of longitudinal neuroimaging findings

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 441-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Dohm ◽  
Ronny Redlich ◽  
Pienie Zwitserlood ◽  
Udo Dannlowski
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Course Of Depression

Objective: Structural and functional brain alterations in major depression disorder (MDD) are well studied in cross-sectional designs, but little is known about the causality between onset and course of depression on the one hand, and neurobiological changes over time on the other. To explore the direction of causality, longitudinal studies with a long time window (preferably years) are needed, but only few have been undertaken so far. This article reviews all prospective neuroimaging studies in MDD patients currently available and provides a critical discussion of methodological challenges involved in the investigation of the causal relationship between brain alterations and the course of MDD. Method: We conducted a systematic review of studies published before September 2015, to identify structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies that assess the relation between neuronal alterations and MDD in longitudinal (⩾1 year) designs. Results: Only 15 studies meeting minimal standards were identified. An analysis of these longitudinal data showed a large heterogeneity between studies regarding design, samples, imaging methods, spatial restrictions and, consequently, results. There was a strong relationship between brain-volume outcomes and the current mood state, whereas longitudinal studies failed to clarify the influence of pre-existing brain changes on depressive outcome. Conclusion: So far, available longitudinal studies cannot resolve the causality between the course of depression and neurobiological changes over time. Future studies should combine high methodological standards with large sample sizes. Cooperation in multi-center studies is indispensable to attain sufficient sample sizes, and should allow careful assessment of possible confounders.

Method and Description of the Aging in Manitoba Project: A 20-Year Longitudinal Study

1997 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 606-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith G. Chipperfield ◽  
Betty Havens ◽  
Wendy D. Doig
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Completion Rate ◽  
Major Goal ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTThe Aging in Manitoba (AIM) project includes nearly 9,000 seniors who have been interviewed. Three independent cross-sectional samples (i.e. 1971, 1976, 1983) were subsequently followed (1983–1984, 1990), producing cross-sectional and longitudinal data. A major goal of this paper was to examine non-response over time and representativeness of the panel of AIM survivors. This involved analysis of non-response, calculations of completion/response rates, and comparisons of demographic variables across the AIM sample and the broader Manitoba and Canadian populations. Non-response was very low (4.6% in 1983–1984, 5.0% in 1990) and did not appear to be dependent on such factors as location, gender, education level, or nationality descent. The 95.0 per cent completion rate compares favourably with other longitudinal studies, demonstrating the value of employing rigorous tracking procedures. These findings suggest that attempts to minimize bias and selective attrition in the AIM study have been successful.

scholarly journals Dyadic Successful Aging and the Limits of Agency

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 755-755
Author(s):  
Markus Klingel
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Relationship Satisfaction ◽  
Successful Aging ◽  
Late Life ◽  
The Self ◽  
Individual Agency ◽  
Dyadic Satisfaction ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Crucial Part ◽  
Over Time

Abstract With increasing life expectancy, late life has become a longer, crucial part of the individual and dyadic life course. New opportunities, tasks and decisions emerged. Successful aging norms emphasize agency and autonomy. This can be activating, but also alienating. With increasing constraints, agency is limited and ideals of autonomy become dysfunctional. This challenges also relationships. Aging, functional losses and approaching death threaten dyadic satisfaction and functionality. Potentially, successful aging norms could erode dyadic solidarity when needed the most: in late life. This mixed-methods longitudinal study combines interviews and questionnaires at three observations across five years. Its focus lies on change over time and findings at observation three. The sample consists of eight German couples (78-86 years old, 50-65 years married, high relationship satisfaction, white, urban). What does aging mean for individualized actors? How do aging couples negotiate, decide and act on aging, autonomy and death? How do successful aging norms modulate dyadic aging? Overall, actors have internalized successful aging and benefit by influencing their health positively. However, this has become ambivalent. Actors increasingly perceive their future as limited and beyond individual control. Acceptance of losses that challenge the self is difficult, autonomy ideals burdensome and death salient. As individual agency is constrained, the dyad is still a functional stronghold against aging. Yet, it has to adapt as well to – potentially differential - individual aging. Losses can and do threaten couples’ functional and emotional unity. Four patterns of self-dyad dynamics emerged and exemplify tensions between individualized and dyadic successful aging.

scholarly journals Change Over Time: Conducting Longitudinal Studies of Children's Cognitive Development

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennie K. Grammer ◽  
Jennifer L. Coffman ◽  
Peter A. Ornstein ◽  
Frederick J. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Over Time

VALUE OF LONGITUDINAL STUDIES OF EXERCISE FITNESS TESTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 730-736
Author(s):  
Alan W. Sexton
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Fitness Tests ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Considerable Period ◽  
Conditioning Programs

THE TERM "longitudinal study" implies observation or experimentation over a considerable period of time. Just what this period of time will be depends upon the phenomenon and the organism being studied. If, for example, one is interested in the growth rates of long bones in mice, a few months is sufficient. In human beings fifteen to twenty years would not be out of line since, wanting to know how the individual arrives at his ultimate length, one must measure him periodically during his entire growing period. To be worthwhile, therefore, the longitudinal study must be designed to answer questions which cross-sectional data cannot answer. In order to discuss intelligently the value of longitudinal studies of exercise fitness tests, one must at the outset define what the objectives are in such studies. Consider the following questions: 1. What are the effects of growth, of sex, and of aging on the fitness of the individual? 2. In the absence of conditioning programs, is the level of fitness of an individual a rapidly-changing measurement, or does it demonstrate relative constancy? 3. When conditioning programs are considered, what is the effect of their onset, duration, and cessation on the individual level of fitness? 4. What are the immediate and longterm results of illness on the individual level of fitness? 5. What, if anything, can one say about the effect of fitness levels on the longevity of the individual? The answers to these and related questions are the principle goals of longitudinal fitness studies. How successfully, then, have such longitudinal studies been carried out?

scholarly journals Understanding Student Coregulation in Task Interpretation during Electronics Laboratory Activities

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Presentacion Rivera-Reyes ◽  
Oenardi Lawanto ◽  
Michael L. Pate
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Laboratory Work ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Self Regulated Learning ◽  
Laboratory Activities ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Task Interpretation ◽  
Over Time ◽  
And Task

<p class="apa">Coregulation (CRL) is a transitional process in which students share problem-solving techniques and utilize self-regulated learning (SRL) when interacting with peers. Coregulation may help students to define and modify inconsistencies in their SRL strategy. Task interpretation is described as the critical first step in the SRL process, and it is a key determinant in setting the goals and strategies to accomplish those goals. Limited information exists regarding coregulation and task interpretation in the context of laboratory work. Laboratory activities help students to move from abstract ideas to a practical understanding. However, it is generally agreed among educators that students involve little mental engagement in the laboratory activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate how students’ level of coregulation was associated with their task interpretation and how the level changed over time. One-hundred and forty-three sophomore students enrolled in an electronics course participated in this study. A paper-and-pencil questionnaire was used to measure students’ coregulation. Similarly, a questionnaire developed and piloted by the researcher measured students’ task interpretation. High-coregulated students showed high levels of SRL, while low-coregulated students showed low levels of SRL. The findings confirmed a previous study by Hadwin and Oshige, which described coregulation as a process in a learner’s acquisition of SRL, in which SRL is gradually appropriated by the individual learner’s interactions when they are working in the assigned task activities. Further investigation is necessary to unveil other factors related to these constructs in order to engage students in laboratory work.</p>

Developing discourses of knowledge and understanding: longitudinal studies of Ph.D. supervision

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille B. Kandiko ◽  
Ian M. Kinchin
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Concept Mapping ◽  
Content Knowledge ◽  
Doctoral Education ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Process Understanding ◽  
Pedagogic Discourse ◽  
Over Time

Competing notions of what a Ph.D. has been, is and should be are undercurrents in doctoral education. A longitudinal study of Ph.D. supervision based on interviews and concept mapping was used to surface understandings of the purpose of a Ph.D. This research tracks change over time for both the student and the supervisor. The data were analysed using Bernstein's horizontal and vertical discourses, describing how students can focus on 'content' knowledge aspects and miss out on key 'process' understanding. A discussion follows on how the pedagogic discourse of supervision can work towards a balance of knowledge and understanding.

Does change in temperament predict change in schizoid personality disorder? A methodological framework and illustration from the Longitudinal Study of Personality Disorders

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1211-1231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark F. Lenzenweger ◽  
John B. Willett
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Latent Growth ◽  
Psychiatric Interview ◽  
Rates Of Change ◽  
Schizoid Personality ◽  
Schizoid Personality Disorder ◽  
Over Time

AbstractPersonality disorders (PDs) have been thought historically to be enduring, inflexible, and set in psychological stone relatively firmly; however, empirical findings from recent prospective multiwave longitudinal studies establish otherwise. Nearly all modern longitudinal studies of personality disorder have documented considerable change in PDs over time, suggesting considerable flexibility and plasticity in this realm of psychopathology. The factors and mechanisms of change in the PDs remain essentially opaque, and this area of PD research is just beginning to be probed using candidate predictors of change, such as personality systems. In this report, we investigate whether change in temperament dimensions (emotionality, activity, and sociability) predicts change in schizoid personality disorder. We present a latent growth framework for addressing this question and provide an illustration of the approach using data from the Longitudinal Study of Personality Disorders. Schizoid personality disorder was assessed using two different methodologies (structured psychiatric interview and self-report) and temperament was assessed using a well-known psychometric measure of temperament. All constructs were measured at three time points over a 4-year time period. To analyze these panel data, we fitted a covariance structure model that hypothesized simultaneous relationships between initial levels and rates of change in temperament and initial levels and rates of change in schizoid personality disorder. We found that rates of change in the core temperament dimensions studied do not predict rates of change in schizoid personality over time. We discuss the methodological advantages of the latent growth approach and the substantive meaning of the findings for change in schizoid personality disorder.

scholarly journals What shapes gender attitudes among adolescent girls and boys? Evidence from the UDAYA Longitudinal Study in India

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0248766
Author(s):  
Sangram Kishor Patel ◽  
K. G. Santhya ◽  
Nicole Haberland
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Gender Attitudes ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

Introduction The role of gender norms in shaping education and work opportunities, distribution of power and resources, and health and wellbeing is well recognised. However, rigorous studies in low- and middle-income countries on when and how norms change over time and what factors shape adolescents’ and young adult’s gender attitudes are limited. This paper explores the factors that determine adolescents’ gender attitudes, as well as patterns in gender attitude shifts over time among younger and older adolescent boys and girls in India. Data and methods Data presented in this paper were drawn from a unique longitudinal study of adolescents aged 10–19 (Understanding the lives of adolescent and young adults–UDAYA study) in the states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh in India, conducted during 2015–2016 (wave 1) and 2018–2019 (wave 2). The analysis presented in this paper drew on data from 4,428 boys and 7,607 girls who were aged 10–19 and unmarried at wave 1 and interviewed at both rounds of the survey. We used univariate and bivariate analyses to examine changes in adolescents’ gender role attitudes over time and the association between explanatory variables and gender role attitudes. We also used linear fixed effects regression models to identify factors that shape adolescents’ gender role attitudes. Results Gender role attitudes became more egalitarian over time among boys and girls, except among the older cohort of boys in our study. Among both younger and older cohorts, girls/young women held more egalitarian views than boys/young men and this pattern held over time for both cohorts. Factors that influenced gender role attitudes differed for younger and older adolescents, particularly among boys. While some predictors differed for boys and girls, there were substantial similarities as well. Gender attitudes were affected by factors at the individual, family, peer, and societal levels, as well as by community engagement. Conclusions Our findings show that it is possible to shift gender attitudes toward greater equity and, in so doing, contribute to improved health and rights.

On the Individual

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 205-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Magnusson
Keyword(s):  
School Psychologist ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Developmental Research ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

A description of two cases from my time as a school psychologist in the middle of the 1950s forms the background to the following question: Has anything important happened since then in psychological research to help us to a better understanding of how and why individuals think, feel, act, and react as they do in real life and how they develop over time? The studies serve as a background for some general propositions about the nature of the phenomena that concerns us in developmental research, for a summary description of the developments in psychological research over the last 40 years as I see them, and for some suggestions about future directions.

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