scholarly journals A re-examination of responding on ratio and regulated-probability interval schedules

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar D. Pérez ◽  
Michael R.F. Aitken ◽  
Amy L. Milton ◽  
Anthony Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Differential Reinforcement ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Probability Interval ◽  
Interval Group ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Group Post

AbstractThe higher response rates observed on ratio than on matched interval reward schedules has been attributed to the differential reinforcement of longer inter-response times (IRTs) on the interval contingency. Some data, however, seem to contradict this hypothesis, showing that the difference is still observed when the role of IRT reinforcement is neutralized by using a regulated-probability interval schedule (RPI). Given the mixed evidence for these predictions, we re-examined this hypothesis by training three groups of rats to lever press under ratio, interval and RPI schedules across two phases while matching reward rates within triads. At the end of the first phase, the master ratio and RPI groups responded at similar rates. In the second phase, an interval group yoked to the same master ratio group of the first phase responded at a lower rate than the RPI group. Post-hoc analysis showed comparable reward rates for master and yoked schedules. The experienced response-outcome rate correlations were likewise similar, and approached zero as training progressed. We discuss these results in terms of dual-system theories of instrumental conditioning.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF AWARENESS OF ASSESSMENT CRITERIA ON PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN GROUP ACTIVITIES.

2021 ◽  
pp. 80-81
Author(s):  
Unmesh. A.K ◽  
Biju Bahuleyan
Keyword(s):  
Small Groups ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Assessment Criteria ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Group Activities ◽  
Approach To Teaching ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: In higher education, outcome based approach to teaching is the dictum. Assessment criteria should be designed to ensure that learning takes place at the level appropriate to the assigned skill. Students when familiarised with the assessment criteria results in self-motivated approach to attain that skill.The objective of the present study is to determine the impact of awareness of assessment criteria on the performance of students in group activities. Materials and methods:100 phase one MBBS students were included in the study.Whole batch was divided into 15 small groups and each group was given a problem based question to discuss.The role of each participant in the group was assessed by assessors using specified assessment criteria. Assessment was done in two phases. In the second phase students were made aware of the assessment criteria. Reflections of students regarding the assessment criteria were also collected. Results:The scores obtained after the students were aware of the assessment criteria was higher and the difference was found to be statistically significant. Majority of the students reflected on the positive impact of being aware of the assessment criteria. Conclusion: Knowing about based on what criteria a candidate is being assessed motivates the student to perform better.In activities which was not assessed earlier the approach of using an assessment criteria and making the student aware of it would definitely assure better performance.

scholarly journals Restoration of subjectivity: the role of reflection in personality development and humanization of social institutions

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Vadim Markovich Rozin ◽  
Lyudmila Mikhailovna Karnozova
Keyword(s):  
Restorative Justice ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
General Mechanism ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Resolution Analysis ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Personality Process

This article consists of two parts. The firs parts analyzes the general mechanism of reflection within the framework of the theoretical discourse; while the second part the introduced concepts and schemes of reflection are illustrated on the case of “restorative justice”. The analysis of two other cases (“Confession” by St. Augustine, as well as “Confessions” and “Resurrection” by L. Tolstoy) allows characterizing the two phases of psyche – preceding and accompanying reflection. The first phase represents a “crystallization of distortion subjectivity”, and at times its dissolution. The second phase (situation) launches the personality process, which can be described using the terminology of L. S. Vygotstky as “interiorization" of intersubjective; this is the conscious work that gives a new perspective on the situation and its resolution. Analysis is conducted on the two procedures of reflection itself ‒ reflexive way out to the space of “placelesness” (M. Bakhtin) with the shift of integrity and thingness, and reflexive return (G. Shchedrovitsky). Study of the case of restorative justice demonstrates the organizational-technical attitude towards reflection, communication and ensuring mutual understanding between people separated by crime, as a new moment in comparison with the “individual reflection” as internally determined personality process. The inclusion of reflection into social practices and humanities substantiates the possibility of complementing the concept of subjectivity and its “restoration” with the concept of agency as the proclivity for new actions, acquisition of the “authorial position” in relation to one's personal life and interaction with others.

scholarly journals Biphasic pattern in the effect of severe measles infection; the difference between additive and multiplicative scale

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nhat Thanh Hoang Le ◽  
Nhan Thi Ho ◽  
Bryan Grenfell ◽  
Stephen Baker ◽  
Ronald B. Geskus
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Admission Rate ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Additive Scale

Abstract Background Infection with measles virus (MeV) causes immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to other infectious diseases. Only few studies reported a duration of immunosuppression, with varying results. We investigated the effect of immunosuppression on the incidence of hospital admissions for infectious diseases in Vietnamese children. Methods We used retrospective data (2005 to 2015; N = 4419) from the two pediatric hospitals in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. We compared the age-specific incidence of hospital admission for infectious diseases before and after hospitalization for measles. We fitted a Poisson regression model that included gender, current age, and time since measles to obtain a multiplicative effect measure. Estimates were transformed to the additive scale. Results We observed two phases in the incidence of hospital admission after measles. The first phase started with a fourfold increased rate of admissions during the first month after measles, dropping to a level quite comparable to children of the same age before measles. In the second phase, lasting until at least 6 years after measles, the admission rate decreased further, with values up to 20 times lower than in children of the same age before measles. However, on the additive scale the effect size in the second phase was much smaller than in the first phase. Conclusion The first phase highlights the public health benefits of measles vaccination by preventing measles and immune amnesia. The beneficial second phase is interesting, but its strength strongly depends on the scale. It suggests a complicated interaction between MeV infection and the host immunity.

Urban elites c. 1830–1930 and urban history

Urban History ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Smith
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Urban Elites ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Future Direction

The intention of this paper is to review the ways in which the role of urban elites has been examined and interpreted, and to show how the traditional concepts of social control and hegemony have required modification. The paper identifies two phases of study. The first phase was descriptive, concerned primarily with the identification and categorization of elites. The second phase, which began in the 1980s, was interactional and explored the influence of elites in inter-class relationships. The interactional role of elites is discussed in detail in relation to the exemplar of mid-nineteenth-century Manchester. The paper continues by considering the changes which elites began to undergo in the transitional conditions of the late nineteenth century. The significance of recent work is assessed and the paper concludes with some comments regarding the future direction of study on urban elites.

How does simulation of an observed external body state influence categorisation of an easily graspable object?

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 1466-1477
Author(s):  
Denis Brouillet ◽  
Arthur-Henri Michalland ◽  
Ronan Guerineau ◽  
Mooruth Draushika ◽  
Guillaume Thebault
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Dominant Hand ◽  
Pain Mechanisms ◽  
Hand Grip ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Response Group ◽  
Power Grasp ◽  
Motor Programme

Several works have provided evidence of a resonant motor effect while observing a hand interacting with painful stimuli. The aim of this work is to show that participants are sensitive to the observation of an injured hand when they have to categorise an easily graspable object with their own hand. In Experiment 1, participants indicated whether or not photographs of objects (graspable or non-graspable, left or right oriented) could be grasped with their dominant hand, by tapping a key on a keyboard. Target objects were preceded by primes consisting of photographs of hands (injured vs healthy) in a grasping posture (power grasp). Experiment 2 consisted of two phases: In the first phase, participants had to categorise square or circle shapes. After their response (Group 1: tapping a key vs Group 2: constricting a hand grip), photograph of two types of hand (injured vs healthy) was displayed on the computer screen. In the second phase, participants had to indicate whether objects could be easily grasped with their dominant hand. Target objects were preceded by primes (square and circle) as shown in the first phase. Results show that response times were slower when the graspable target objects were right oriented and preceded by the photograph or a geometric shape associated with an injured hand. This response delay was accentuated in the handgrip condition. These results highlight that the view of an injured hand activates motor programme and pain mechanisms associated with participants relative to the consequences of the simulated grasping action.

Estimation of The Critical Radius for The Nucleation of the C54 Phase in C49 TiSi2: Role of The Difference in Density

1999 ◽  
Vol 580 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.B. Migas ◽  
M. Iannuzzi ◽  
Leo Miglio ◽  
F. La Via ◽  
M.G. Grimaldi
Keyword(s):  
Ab Initio ◽  
Elastic Strain ◽  
Critical Radius ◽  
Lattice Parameters ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The One

AbstractWe discuss the rather scattered measurements of the lattice parameters for C49 TiSi2, which are reported in literature, along with new and accurate X-ray diffraction measurements and ab-initio calculations. Both agree in indicating that the density of the metastable C49 structure cannot be much smaller than the one for the polymorphic C54 phase, as it is commonly reported. We conclude by demonstrating that only in the case of such a smaller difference in density between the two phases, the elastic strain contribution to the nucleation energy of the C54 structure in the C49 matrix can be neglected. The estimation of the critical radius strongly depends on this issue.

scholarly journals Mandate (credential) as mitigation culture on local community of Sindang Barang

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARTEKS Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur ◽  
Cahyo Septianto Hutomo ◽  
Agus Suharjono Ekomadyo
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Physical Elements ◽  
The Times

Local wisdom can be learned through discovery of physical elements of traditional villages, such as spatial layout, architectural objects, and daily activities. The organization prevailing in environment plays an important role in managing a contextual mitigation culture. The co-existence of authority (mandate) masters have the authority of value/cultural capital and to create symbolic elements, such as will or belief. Sindang Barang Cultural Village was taken as a case study to reveal the history and role of the mandate in the culture of disaster mitigation. This study aims to observe the role of the mandate and its impact in disaster mitigation. The role of the mandate is also examined to see the existence of efforts to preserve the values of local wisdom towards the times. This research uses descriptive-qualitative method by tracing the phenomena and artifacts in the field. The analysis carried out in two phases. The first phase is to create a mitigation concept table based on the existing program or artifacts. The second phase is to discuss the mitigation culture based on its classified capacities. The mitigation seen from the Sindang Barang Cultural Village program and artifacts is the risk of fire, earthquake, and landslide. The process of determining a mandate is commensurate with adaptive capacity because this stage tends to lead to restriction or orders about in program that is carried out systematically in particular context.

scholarly journals TWO PHASES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEDWIG CONRAD-MARTIUS’ ONTOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION ON HUMAN BEING AND LIVING THINGS

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 398-424
Author(s):  
SIMONA BERTOLINI ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Structure Change ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Ontological Categories ◽  
Biological Ontology ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Theoretical Results

Interest in the ontological constitution of living beings (with particular reference to the human being) characterizes the whole development of Hedwig Conrad-Martius’ philosophy. Several works written by the philosopher over the years deal with both the phenomenological description and the ontological foundation of the difference between plants, animals, and humans. Specifically, the ontological structure of the human being is investigated as a layered structure which presupposes those of plants and animals while overcoming them in a more complex and spiritual unity, on which human freedom and human knowledge depend. Although this topic maintains a crucial role in Conrad-Martius’ thought, the way the philosopher addresses it and the theoretical results of her phenomenological-ontological inquiry about it do not remain unchanged. Indeed, the ontological structure at the basis of phenomenal differences as well as the metaphysical foundations of this structure change over the decades. This paper aims at distinguishing between two phases, characterized by different ontological categories, through which Conrad-Martius’ anthropology and biological ontology develop. In the first phase, at the beginning of the twenties (precisely in her work Metaphysical Dialogues), the essential differences between plants, animals, and humans are explained with reference to a vital origin preceding the constitution of reality; to describe it Conrad-Martius employs terms such as “abyss” and “under-earthly realm.” In the second phase, exemplified by some writings published in the forties and the fifties, the reference to such a dimension disappears and the eidetic variety within the living world, including human specificity, is exclusively traced back to the finalistic substantiation of essences in the natural beings.

Sustainable Turning of Biocompatible Materials Using Eco Nano-Mist Technique

2020 ◽  
Vol 833 ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
Gurraj Singh ◽  
Munish Gupta ◽  
Vishal S. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Pure Titanium ◽  
Minimum Quantity Lubrication ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Commercially Pure Titanium ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
Titanium Grade ◽  
Cutting Speeds

In today’s industrial scenario, the requisite for elevated efficiency, better economic viability and higher quality asks for immense improvements in the cutting process stability. Such machining at higher cutting speeds and cutting depths causes an immense amount of heat generation at the work tool interface. The industry makes utilization of cooling techniques to contravene these ill-effects. These techniques make utilization of chemical coolants which are non-biodegradable in nature and consumed in immense quantities. In this study the role of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) or green machining was experimentally evaluated when utilizing nanoparticle enriched coolants. The effect on the wear and roughness values while turning commercially pure Titanium (Grade 3) was analyzed. Experimentation was performed in two phases. In the first phase, the comparison in dry, flood and MQL process was made. The experimental design was composed factorially and 16 experiments were performed. Analysis was carried out utilizing ANOVA and the results were compared. In the second phase, a graphical cognation was established between the coolant application rate with both surface roughness and flank wear values. It was concluded that the nanoparticle enriched coolant i.e. the “eco nanomist”technique was more efficacious when machining the biocompatible Titanium grade 3.

STEAM Education Using Design Thinking Process Through Virtual Communities of Practice (STEAM-DT-VCoPs)

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 249
Author(s):  
Thiti Jantakun ◽  
Kitsadaporn Jantakun ◽  
Thada Jantakoon
Keyword(s):  
Communities Of Practice ◽  
Virtual Communities ◽  
Design Thinking ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Steam Education ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Thinking Process ◽  
Virtual Communities Of Practice ◽  
Two Phases

These objectives of the study are 1) to design STEAM education using Design Thinking Process through Virtual Communities of Practice (STEAM-DT-VCoPs), and 2) to evaluate the designed STEAM-DT-VCoPs. It divides the research procedures into two phases. The first phase is to design STEAM-DT-VCoPs, and the second phase is to evaluate the STEAM-DT-VCoPs. The sample group of this study comprises fourteen experts selected by purposive sampling. The arithmetic mean and standard deviation analyzed data. The research findings are: 1) The STEAM-DT-VCoPs comprise three steps are 1.1) the role of virtual communities of STEAM practice 1.2) Design Thinking Process through Virtual Communities of Practice, and 1.3) the various disciplines in STEAM education. 2) The experts agree that STEAM-DT-VCoPs is the highest level of appropriateness.

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