scholarly journals Dynamic Construction of Reduced Representations in the Brain for Perceptual Decision Behavior

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiayu Zhan ◽  
Robin A. A. Ince ◽  
Nicola van Rijsbergen ◽  
Philippe G. Schyns
Keyword(s):  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
High Dimensional ◽  
Information Theoretic ◽  
Perceptual Decision ◽  
Layered Architecture ◽  
Feature Representations ◽  
The Right ◽  
Reduced Representations ◽  
The Brain

AbstractCurrent models propose that the brain uses a multi-layered architecture to reduce the high dimensional visual input to lower dimensional representations that support face, object and scene categorizations. However, understanding the brain mechanisms that support such information reduction for behavior remains challenging. We addressed the challenge using a novel information theoretic framework that quantifies the relationships between three key variables: single-trial information randomly sampled from an ambiguous scene, source-space MEG responses and perceptual decision behaviors. In each observer, behavioral analysis revealed the scene features that subtend their decisions. Independent source space analyses revealed the flow of these and other features in cortical activity. We show where (at the junction between occipital cortex and ventral regions), when (up until 170 ms post stimulus) and how (by separating task-relevant and irrelevant features) brain regions reduce the high-dimensional scene to construct task-relevant feature representations in the right fusiform gyrus that support decisions. Our results inform the occipito-temporal pathway mechanisms that reduce and select information to produce behavior.

scholarly journals The effects of the form of sugar (solid vs. beverage) on body weight and fMRI activation: A randomized controlled pilot study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251700
Author(s):  
John W. Apolzan ◽  
Owen T. Carmichael ◽  
Krystal M. Kirby ◽  
Sreekrishna R. Ramakrishnapillai ◽  
Robbie A. Beyl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Pilot Trial ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Fed State ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Objective To test if sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) and sugar sweetened solids (SSSs) have differential effects on body weight and reward processing in the brain. Methods In a single blind randomized controlled pilot trial (RCT), twenty participants with BMI between 20 and 40 kg/m2 were randomized to consume a 20 fluid ounce soda (SSB, 248 kcal) or the equivalent in solid form (SSS; similar to thick gelatin or gummy candy) daily. At baseline and day 28, fasting body weight and fed-state BOLD fMRI of the brain were assessed. Differences in fMRI signals between views of low-fat (LF (<30%)) high sugar (HS (>30%)) food, and non-food images were calculated in brain regions implicated in energy homeostasis, taste, and reward. Results All participants in the SSB (6F 4M; 8 Caucasian; 36±14 y, 28.2±5.5 kg/m2; Mean±SD) and SSS (3F 7M; 6 Caucasian; 39±12; 26.3±4.4) groups completed the study. Weight change was 0.27±0.78 kg between SSB and SSS participants. Changes in the fMRI response to LF/HS foods in reward, homeostatic and taste regions tended to not be different between the groups over the four weeks. However, activation of the right substantia nigra increased following the SSB but decreased activation following the SSS in response to LF/HS foods over 28 days (-0.32±0.12). Ratings of wanting for LF/HS foods were correlated with activation in several brain regions, including the OFC. Conclusions Change in weight was modest between the groups in this study. Daily consumption of a SSB over 28 days led to mixed responses to LF/HS foods in areas of the brain associated with reward. Ratings of wanting are correlated with fMRI activation inside an MRI scanner.

scholarly journals Estimation of gender-specific connectional brain templates using joint multi-view cortical morphological network integration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nada Chaari ◽  
Hatice Camgöz Akdağ ◽  
Islem Rekik
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Network Clustering ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Clustering Model ◽  
Net Method ◽  
The Right ◽  
Gender Specific

Abstract The estimation of a connectional brain template (CBT) integrating a population of brain networks while capturing shared and differential connectional patterns across individuals remains unexplored in gender fingerprinting. This paper presents the first study to estimate gender-specific CBTs using multi-view cortical morphological networks (CMNs) estimated from conventional T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Specifically, each CMN view is derived from a specific cortical attribute (e.g. thickness), encoded in a network quantifying the dissimilarity in morphology between pairs of cortical brain regions. To this aim, we propose Multi-View Clustering and Fusion Network (MVCF-Net), a novel multi-view network fusion method, which can jointly identify consistent and differential clusters of multi-view datasets in order to capture simultaneously similar and distinct connectional traits of samples. Our MVCF-Net method estimates a representative and well-centered CBTs for male and female populations, independently, to eventually identify their fingerprinting regions of interest (ROIs) in four main steps. First, we perform multi-view network clustering model based on manifold optimization which groups CMNs into shared and differential clusters while preserving their alignment across views. Second, for each view, we linearly fuse CMNs belonging to each cluster, producing local CBTs. Third, for each cluster, we non-linearly integrate the local CBTs across views, producing a cluster-specific CBT. Finally, by linearly fusing the cluster-specific centers we estimate a final CBT of the input population. MVCF-Net produced the most centered and representative CBTs for male and female populations and identified the most discriminative ROIs marking gender differences. The most two gender-discriminative ROIs involved the lateral occipital cortex and pars opercularis in the left hemisphere and the middle temporal gyrus and lingual gyrus in the right hemisphere.

scholarly journals Dynamic Construction of Reduced Representations in the Brain for Perceptual Decision Behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-326.e4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiayu Zhan ◽  
Robin A.A. Ince ◽  
Nicola van Rijsbergen ◽  
Philippe G. Schyns
Keyword(s):  
Decision Behavior ◽  
Perceptual Decision ◽  
Reduced Representations ◽  
The Brain

First and Second Language Patterns of Brain Activation in Korean Layrngeal Contrasts

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haeil Park ◽  
Gregory Iverson
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Occipital Lobe ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Second Language Speakers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Native Speakers Of English ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Abstract. This study aims to localize the brain regions involved in the apprehension of Korean laryngeal contrasts and to investigate whether the Internal Model advanced by Callan et al. (2004) extends to first versus second language perception of these unique three-way laryngeal distinctions. The results show that there is a significant difference in activation between native and second-language speakers, consistent with the findings of Callan et al. Specific activities unique to younger native speakers of Korean relative to native speakers of English were seen in the cuneus (occipital lobe) and the right middle frontal gyrus (Brodmann Area [BA] 10), areas of the brain associated with pitch perception. The current findings uphold Silva's (2006) conclusion that the laryngeal contrasts of Korean are increasingly distinguished less by VOT differences than by their effect on pitch in the following vowel. A subsequent experiment was conducted to establish whether more traditional, older native speakers of Korean who still make clear VOT distinctions also activate both the cuneus and BA 10 in the same task. Preliminary results indicate that they do not, whereas speakers with overlapping VOT distinctions do show intersecting activations in these areas, thus corroborating Silva's claim of emergent pitch sensitivity in the Korean laryngeal system.

scholarly journals Evidence of increased brain amyloid in severe TBI survivors at 1, 12, and 24 months after injury: report of 2 cases

2016 ◽  
Vol 124 (6) ◽  
pp. 1646-1653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua W. Gatson ◽  
Cari Stebbins ◽  
Dana Mathews ◽  
Thomas S. Harris ◽  
Christopher Madden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Pet Imaging ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Standard Uptake Value ◽  
Severe Trauma ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Severe Tbi ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Time Point

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. With respect to amyloid deposition, there are no published serial data regarding the deposition rate of amyloid throughout the brain after TBI. The authors conducted serial 18F-AV-45 (florbetapir F18) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in 2 patients with severe TBI at 1, 12, and 24 months after injury. A total of 12 brain regions were surveyed for changes in amyloid levels. Case 1 involved a 50-year-old man who experienced a severe TBI. Compared with the 1-month time point, of the 12 brain regions that were surveyed, a decrease in amyloid (as indicated by standard uptake value ratios) was only observed in the hippocampus (−16%, left; −12%, right) and caudate nucleus (−18%, left; −18%, right), suggesting that initial amyloid accumulation in the brain was cleared between time points 1 and 12 months after injury. Compared to the scan at 1 year, a greater increase in amyloid (+15%) was observed in the right hippocampus at the 24-month time point. The patient in Case 2 was a 37-year-old man who suffered severe trauma to the head and a subsequent stroke; he had poor cognitive/functional outcomes and underwent 1.5 years of rehabilitation. Due to a large infarct area on the injured side of the brain (right side), the authors focused primarily on brain regions affected within the left hemisphere. Compared with the 1-month scan, they only found an increase in brain amyloid within the left anterior putamen (+11%) at 12 months after injury. In contrast, decreased amyloid burden was detected in the left caudate nucleus (−48%), occipital cortex (−21%), and precuneus (−19%) brain regions at the 12-month time point, which is indicative of early accumulation and subsequent clearance. In comparison with 12-month values, more clearance was observed, since a reduction in amyloid was found at 24 months after trauma within the left anterior putamen (−12%) and occipital cortex (−15%). Also, by 24 months, most of the amyloid had been cleared and the patient demonstrated improved results on the Rivermead symptom questionnaire, Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended, and Disability Rating Scale. With respect to APOE status, the patient in Case 1 had two ε3 alleles and the patient in Case 2 had one ε2 and one ε3 allele. In comparison to the findings of the initial scan at 1 month after TBI, by 12 and 24 months after injury amyloid was cleared in some brain regions and increased in others. Serial imaging conducted here suggests that florbetapir F18 PET imaging may be useful in monitoring amyloid dynamics within specific brain regions following severe TBI and may be predictive of cognitive deficits.

scholarly journals Macroscopic quantities of collective brain activity during wakefulness and anesthesia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrián Ponce-Alvarez ◽  
Lynn Uhrig ◽  
Nikolas Deco ◽  
Camilo M. Signorelli ◽  
Morten L. Kringelbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Brain State ◽  
Loss Of Consciousness ◽  
Information Theoretic ◽  
Maximum Entropy Models ◽  
Information Theoretic Measures ◽  
Brain States ◽  
Parietal Cortices ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe study of states of arousal is key to understand the principles of consciousness. Yet, how different brain states emerge from the collective activity of brain regions remains unknown. Here, we studied the fMRI brain activity of monkeys during wakefulness and anesthesia-induced loss of consciousness. Using maximum entropy models, we derived collective, macroscopic properties that quantify the system’s capabilities to produce work, to contain information and to transmit it, and that indicate a phase transition from critical awake dynamics to supercritical anesthetized states. Moreover, information-theoretic measures identified those parameters that impacted the most the network dynamics. We found that changes in brain state and in state of consciousness primarily depended on changes in network couplings of insular, cingulate, and parietal cortices. Our findings suggest that the brain state transition underlying the loss of consciousness is predominantly driven by the uncoupling of specific brain regions from the rest of the network.

Prediction of Resting-State EEG Using High-Dimensional Patterns

2013 ◽  
Vol 421 ◽  
pp. 528-533
Author(s):  
Hua Chin Lee ◽  
Li Wei Ko ◽  
Kuan Lin Lai ◽  
Hui Ling Huang ◽  
Meng Shue Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Brain Region ◽  
Feature Selection Method ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Selection Method ◽  
High Dimensional ◽  
Prediction System ◽  
Medical Database ◽  
Class Prediction ◽  
The Brain

Prediction of resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) usinghigh-dimensional pattern is a challenge due to the uniqueness of each persons brainwave. This study uses the headache EEG recording as the example, and predicts the informative different states by using an intelligent feature selection method. Vomiting and nausea are usually appeared in headache attacks, andit is sensitive to light, sound, or movement. In this study, we use the EEG recording with four classes (inter-headache, pre-headache, headache and post-headache) as the medical database. This study focuses three merits: First, we establish two balanced datasets which contain 2-class (inter-headache and headache) and 4-class brainwave datasets from the original imbalanced headache database so that there is no bias of the prediction system. The 2-class dataset consists of 22 subjects and 176 trials, and the 4-class dataset consists of 40 subjects and 320 trials. Secondly, we propose an efficient SVM-based method for predicting the headache attacks from the EEGby using an inheritable bi-objective combinatorial genetic algorithm (IBCGA). IBCGA automatically selects important features from the brainwave, and the 2-class prediction accuracy of leave-one-trial-out independenttest is 81.25%. Third, from the analysis of the brain region and channel frequency, the brain region T4 is the most important brain regions and alpha and beta frequencies are the most informative frequencies.

Abstract 48: Reduction of Histological Damage with Mild Therapeutic Hypothermia after Prolonged Cardiac Arrest

Circulation ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 116 (suppl_16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregor Springler ◽  
Andreas Janata ◽  
Wolfgang Weihs ◽  
Keywan Bayegan ◽  
Alexandra Schratter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Surface Cooling ◽  
Vacuolar Degeneration ◽  
Damage Score ◽  
Histological Damage ◽  
Hypothermia Group ◽  
The Brain

Purpose: The aim of our study was to assess the effect of hypothermia on histological damage in 19 brain regions after prolonged cardiac arrest in pigs. Methods: Pigs were anaesthetized and mechanically ventilated. After stabilisation of pulmonary artery temperature (Tpa) at 38.5±0.2 °C, ventricular fibrillation (VF) was induced and 10 min of untreated VF were followed by 8 min of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (mechanical chest compressions, two doses of vasopressin 0.4 IE/kg). At 8 min of CPR, up to 3 countershocks were delivered. Pigs that had return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) were randomized to one of 2 groups (control, hypothermia). Pigs in the hypothermia group were cooled to Tpa 33.0±1.0 °C with a surface cooling device (LRS Thermosuit™) circulating ice water over most of the skin surface. Pigs in the control group were kept at 38.5±1.0 °C throughout the experiment. After 14 hours of hypothermia, pigs were rewarmed, weaned and brought to the stable. At day 9 of the experiment, final neurologic examination was performed. After that the animals were sacrificed and perfused with 4 liters of saline, followed by 1 liter of paraformaldehyde (3%, pH 7.4). The brain was removed and 19 different regions of the brain were examined by means of lightmicroscopy using a histopathologic damage score that was used in previous studies. Following damage qualities were considered: edema, eosinophilic necrosis (oncosis), vacuolar degeneration and malacia. The total numeric histological damage score (HDS) was the sum of all area scores. Data are presented as median and interquartile range, group comparison was done with a Mann-Whitney-U test. Results: 16 (29 –35 kg) pigs were randomized. The time to reach target temperature in the hypothermia group (n = 8) was 9.0 (5.3; 11.9) min. Total HDS in the hypothermia group was 71 (61; 84), in the control group 132 (124; 174; p<0.001). Significant (p<0.05) improvements in damage were found in hippocampus, temporal, parietal, frontal and occipital cortex. Conclusions: Histological damage after prolonged cardiac arrest was improved significantly in cooled animals compared to control animals. Not all brain regions could benefit to the same extent.

scholarly journals Probing Brain Activation Patterns by Dissociating Semantics and Syntax in Sentences

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (05) ◽  
pp. 9201-9208
Author(s):  
Shaonan Wang ◽  
Jiajun Zhang ◽  
Nan Lin ◽  
Chengqing Zong
Keyword(s):  
Brain Regions ◽  
Feature Representation ◽  
Semantic Feature ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Syntactic Feature ◽  
Syntactic Information ◽  
Brain Imaging Data ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

The relation between semantics and syntax and where they are represented in the neural level has been extensively debated in neurosciences. Existing methods use manually designed stimuli to distinguish semantic and syntactic information in a sentence that may not generalize beyond the experimental setting. This paper proposes an alternative framework to study the brain representation of semantics and syntax. Specifically, we embed the highly-controlled stimuli as objective functions in learning sentence representations and propose a disentangled feature representation model (DFRM) to extract semantic and syntactic information in sentences. This model can generate one semantic and one syntactic vector for each sentence. Then we associate these disentangled feature vectors with brain imaging data to explore brain representation of semantics and syntax. Results have shown that semantic feature is represented more robustly than syntactic feature across the brain including the default-mode, frontoparietal, visual networks, etc.. The brain representations of semantics and syntax are largely overlapped, but there are brain regions only sensitive to one of them. For instance, several frontal and temporal regions are specific to the semantic feature; parts of the right superior frontal and right inferior parietal gyrus are specific to the syntactic feature.

Semantic and Perceptual Processing of Number Symbols: Evidence from a Cross-linguistic fMRI Adaptation Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian D. Holloway ◽  
Christian Battista ◽  
Stephan E. Vogel ◽  
Daniel Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Perceptual Processing ◽  
Numerical Magnitude ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Parietal Lobes ◽  
The Right ◽  
Fmri Adaptation ◽  
The Brain

The ability to process the numerical magnitude of sets of items has been characterized in many animal species. Neuroimaging data have associated this ability to represent nonsymbolic numerical magnitudes (e.g., arrays of dots) with activity in the bilateral parietal lobes. Yet the quantitative abilities of humans are not limited to processing the numerical magnitude of nonsymbolic sets. Humans have used this quantitative sense as the foundation for symbolic systems for the representation of numerical magnitude. Although numerical symbol use is widespread in human cultures, the brain regions involved in processing of numerical symbols are just beginning to be understood. Here, we investigated the brain regions underlying the semantic and perceptual processing of numerical symbols. Specifically, we used an fMRI adaptation paradigm to examine the neural response to Hindu-Arabic numerals and Chinese numerical ideographs in a group of Chinese readers who could read both symbol types and a control group who could read only the numerals. Across groups, the Hindu-Arabic numerals exhibited ratio-dependent modulation in the left IPS. In contrast, numerical ideographs were associated with activation in the right IPS, exclusively in the Chinese readers. Furthermore, processing of the visual similarity of both digits and ideographs was associated with activation of the left fusiform gyrus. Using culture as an independent variable, we provide clear evidence for differences in the brain regions associated with the semantic and perceptual processing of numerical symbols. Additionally, we reveal a striking difference in the laterality of parietal activation between the semantic processing of the two symbols types.

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