scholarly journals Magnesium increases homoeologous crossover frequency in ZIP4 (Ph1) mutant wheat-wild relative hybrids

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
María-Dolores Rey ◽  
Azahara C. Martín ◽  
Mark Smedley ◽  
Sadiye Hayta ◽  
Wendy Harwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chiasma Frequency ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Wild Relative ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Hoagland Solution ◽  
Chromosome 5B ◽  
Meiotic Crossover

AbstractWild relatives provide an important source of useful traits in wheat breeding. Wheat and wild relative hybrids have been widely used in breeding programs to introduce such traits into wheat. However, successful introgression is limited by the low frequency of homoeologous crossover (CO) between wheat and wild relative chromosomes. Hybrids between wheat carrying a 70Mb deletion on chromosome 5B (ph1b) and wild relatives, have been exploited to increase the level of homoeologous CO, allowing chromosome exchange between their chromosomes. In ph1b-rye hybrids, CO number increases from a mean of 1 CO to 7 COs per cell. CO number can be further increased up to a mean of 12 COs per cell in these ph1b hybrids by treating the plants with Hoagland solution. More recently, it was shown that the major meiotic crossover gene ZIP4 on chromosome 5B (TaZIP4-B2) within the 70Mb deletion, was responsible for the restriction of homoeologous COs in wheat-wild relative hybrids, confirming the ph1b phenotype as a complete Tazip4-B2 deletion mutant (Tazip4-B2 ph1b). In this study, we have identified the particular Hoagland solution constituent responsible for the increased chiasma frequency in Tazip4-B2 ph1b mutant-rye hybrids and extended the analysis to Tazip4-B2 TILLING and CRISPR mutant-Ae variabilis hybrids. Chiasma frequency at meiotic metaphase I, in the absence of each Hoagland solution macronutrient (NH4 H2PO4, KNO3, Ca (NO3)2·4H2O or Mg SO4·7H2O) was analysed. A significant decrease in homoeologous CO frequency was observed when the Mg2+ ion was absent. A significant increase of homoeologous CO frequency was observed in all analysed hybrids, when plants were irrigated with a 1mM Mg2+ solution. These observations suggest a role for magnesium supplementation in improving the success of genetic material introgression from wild relatives into wheat.

scholarly journals Potential of Wild Relatives of Wheat: Ideal Genetic Resources for Future Breeding Programs

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1656
Author(s):  
Alireza Pour-Aboughadareh ◽  
Farzad Kianersi ◽  
Peter Poczai ◽  
Hoda Moradkhani
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Wild Relative ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Main Gene ◽  
Induce Resistance ◽  
Close Relatives

Among cereal crops, wheat has been identified as a major source for human food consumption. Wheat breeders require access to new genetic diversity resources to satisfy the demands of a growing human population for more food with a high quality that can be produced in variable environmental conditions. The close relatives of domesticated wheats represent an ideal gene pool for the use of breeders. The genera Aegilops and Triticum are known as the main gene pool of domesticated wheat, including numerous species with different and interesting genomic constitutions. According to the literature, each wild relative harbors useful alleles which can induce resistance to various environmental stresses. Furthermore, progress in genetic and biotechnology sciences has provided accurate information regarding the phylogenetic relationships among species, which consequently opened avenues to reconsider the potential of each wild relative and to provide a context for how we can employ them in future breeding programs. In the present review, we have sought to represent the level of genetic diversity among the wild relatives of wheat, as well as the breeding potential of each wild species that can be used in wheat-breeding programs.

Revision of the estimates of glutenin gene effects at the Glu-B1 locus from southern Australian wheat breeding programs

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Eagles ◽  
R. F. Eastwood ◽  
G. J. Hollamby ◽  
E. M. Martin ◽  
G. B. Cornish
Keyword(s):  
Development Time ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Gene Effects ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Multiple Alleles ◽  
Intermediate Allele ◽  
Dough Extensibility ◽  
Dough Development Time

Glutenins are the major determinant of dough characteristics in wheat. These proteins are determined by genes at 6 loci, with multiple alleles present in southern Australian breeding programs. Previously, we estimated the effects of these genes on maximum dough resistance (Rmax), dough extensibility and dough development time. Subsequently, the allele previously classified as Glu-B1b was found to consist of 2 alleles, with one, now considered to be Glu-B1al, producing an overexpression of the Bx7 glutenin subunit. Therefore, there is a potential bias in our previous estimates. An extended dataset was analysed with the 2 alleles now separated. These analyses identified negligible biases in our previous estimates, probably due to a low frequency of Glu-B1al before 1999. However, Glu-B1al produced significantly higher Rmax, dough extensibility, and dough development time values than all other alleles at the Glu-B1 locus. Therefore, at intermediate allele frequencies, substantial bias in estimates of the effects of the Glu-B1 alleles can be expected without correct identification of Glu-B1al.

Genotype×environment interactions and some considerations of their implications for wheat breeding in Australia This review is one of a series commissioned by the Advisory Committee of the Journal.

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Basford ◽  
M. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Specific Adaptation ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Statistical Studies ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
The Impact

Genotype×environment (G×E) interactions complicate selection forbroad adaptation, while their nature and causes need to be understood toutilise and exploit them in selection for specific adaptation. This invitedreview combines an assessment of the literature with the experience we havegained from involvement in wheat breeding and associated research programs toassess (1) the implications of G×E interactions for wheat breeding inAustralia, (2) the impact that research into G E interactions has had onbreeding strategy, and (3) the evidence for impact from this research efforton genetic improvement of crop adaptation. The role of analytical methodologyin this process is considered and some important issues are discussed.There are sufficient examples drawn from wheat breeding in Australia tosuggest that progress in dealing with G×E interactions can be made andseveral of these are presented. They show that impact in plant breedingfollows from achieving an appropriate level of understanding of theenvironmental and genetic factors causing the interactions as well as anassessment of their importance in the target genotype-environment system. Anaccurate definition of the environmental factor(s) contributing to theG×E interactions has been particularly important in determining therelevance of observed differences in plant adaptation to the target populationof environments. From the combination of biological and statistical studies, amore comprehensive understanding of G×E interactions has emerged andcontributed to new concepts and procedures for dealing with them.Distinguishing between what are repeatable and non-repeatable interactions isa key step. Genuine cases of positive specific adaptation observed inmulti-environment trials (METs) can be exploited by appropriately targetedselection strategies, while non-repeatable interactions are accommodated byselection for broad adaptation.The investigation of G×E interactions for grain yield of wheat inAustralia has matured to the point where an understanding of some of theircauses has enabled wheat breeders to exploit positive components of specificadaptation. The experience that has been gained in achieving these advancesindicates the importance of establishing a MET system that is relevant to thetarget population of environments of the breeding program. The investment ofadequate resources into effective design, conduct, analysis, andinterpretation of METs remains critical to continued progress from selectionin complex genotype-environment systems that present large G× Einteractions. Wheat breeders who understand their genetic material and thetarget population of environments can then use the generated information baseto achieve impact from their breeding programs.

scholarly journals Wheat Production and Breeding in Israel from 1948 to 2002

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Atsmon S ◽  
E. Schwarzbach
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
National Average ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
On Farm

The sown wheat acreage in Israel increased from less than 40 000 ha in 1948 to more than 100 000 ha in the seventies and has declined slightly since that time. About 3/4 of the crop are grown in the central part of the country, mostly rain fed, with precipitation of 250–500 mm. The cultivation of durum wheat, originally dominant, has declined since the sixties to a small percentage of the wheat acreage and durum wheat breeding is thus negligible. Local bread wheat breeding started around 1960 independently at three breeding organisations, one of which extensively used genetic material from international breeding programs in Mexico. Since the fifties about 25 cultivars have been released, but only a few are of economic importance now. Breeding considerably increased the yielding potential of cultivars. The recent top cultivar Galil yields about twice as much as cv. Florence Aurore, the leading cultivar in 1970. The national average grain yield rose from 900 kg/ha in 1948 to recently 2.3 t/ha. The highest on-farm yields under favourable conditions are about 9 t/ha. An increasing proportion of the wheat acreage is used for silage, reaching now more than 25%. Yearly fluctuations of yield are considerable and are closely related to rainfall. Data also show an improvement in water utilisation by the crop during the analysed period. The domestic production covered originally only about 12% of the consumption, reaching 47% in the decade 1970–1979, but declined again due to the population growth from 1.2 to 6.5 millions.  

scholarly journals Reproductive Compatibility in Capsicum is not Reflected in Genetic or Phenotypic Similarity Between Species Complexes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Parry ◽  
Yen-wei Wang ◽  
Shih-wen Lin ◽  
Derek W. Barchenger
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Single Sequence

AbstractWild relatives of domesticated Capsicum represent substantial genetic diversity and thus sources of traits of potential interest. Furthermore, the hybridization compatibility between members of Capsicum species complexes remains unresolved. Improving our understanding of the relationship between Capsicum species relatedness and their ability to form hybrids is a highly pertinent issue. Through the development of novel interspecific hybrids in this study, we demonstrate interspecies compatibility is not necessarily reflected in relatedness according to established Capsicum genepool complexes. Based on a phylogeny constructed by genotyping using single sequence repeat (SSR) markers and with a portion of the waxy locus, and through principal component analysis (PCA) of phenotypic data, we clarify the relationships among wild and domesticated Capsicum species. Together, the phylogeny and hybridization studies provide evidence for the misidentification of a number of species from the World Vegetable Center genebank included in this study. The World Vegetable Center holds the largest collection of Capsicum genetic material globally, therefore this may reflect a wider issue in the misidentification of Capsicum wild relatives. The findings presented here provide insight into an apparent disconnect between compatibility and relatedness in the Capsicum genus, which will be valuable in identifying candidates for future breeding programs.

scholarly journals Reproductive compatibility in Capsicum is not necessarily reflected in genetic or phenotypic similarity between species complexes

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0243689
Author(s):  
Catherine Parry ◽  
Yen-Wei Wang ◽  
Shih-wen Lin ◽  
Derek W. Barchenger
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Simple Sequence

Wild relatives of domesticated Capsicum represent substantial genetic diversity and thus sources of traits of potential interest. Furthermore, the hybridization compatibility between members of Capsicum species complexes remains unresolved. Improving our understanding of the relationship between Capsicum species relatedness and their ability to form hybrids is a highly pertinent issue. Through the development of novel interspecific hybrids in this study, we demonstrate interspecies compatibility is not necessarily reflected in relatedness according to established Capsicum genepool complexes. Based on a phylogeny constructed by genotyping using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and with a portion of the waxy locus, and through principal component analysis (PCA) of phenotypic data, we clarify the relationships among wild and domesticated Capsicum species. Together, the phylogeny and hybridization studies provide evidence for the misidentification of a number of species from the World Vegetable Center genebank included in this study. The World Vegetable Center holds the largest collection of Capsicum genetic material globally, therefore this may reflect a wider issue in the misidentification of Capsicum wild relatives. The findings presented here provide insight into an apparent disconnect between compatibility and relatedness in the Capsicum genus, which will be valuable in identifying candidates for future breeding programs.

scholarly journals Recent advances in CRISPR/Cas9 and applications for wheat functional genomics and breeding

aBIOTECH ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Li ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Ligeng Ma
Keyword(s):  
Functional Genomics ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Functional Annotation ◽  
Genome Engineering ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Base Editing ◽  
The World ◽  
World Food Security

AbstractCommon wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the three major food crops in the world; thus, wheat breeding programs are important for world food security. Characterizing the genes that control important agronomic traits and finding new ways to alter them are necessary to improve wheat breeding. Functional genomics and breeding in polyploid wheat has been greatly accelerated by the advent of several powerful tools, especially CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology, which allows multiplex genome engineering. Here, we describe the development of CRISPR/Cas9, which has revolutionized the field of genome editing. In addition, we emphasize technological breakthroughs (e.g., base editing and prime editing) based on CRISPR/Cas9. We also summarize recent applications and advances in the functional annotation and breeding of wheat, and we introduce the production of CRISPR-edited DNA-free wheat. Combined with other achievements, CRISPR and CRISPR-based genome editing will speed progress in wheat biology and promote sustainable agriculture.

scholarly journals Evolution of Physiologic Races and Virulence of Puccinia striiformis on Wheat in Syria and Lebanon

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 499-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Yahyaoui ◽  
M. S. Hakim ◽  
M. El Naimi ◽  
N. Rbeiz
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Land Race ◽  
Physiologic Races ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

Virulence-avirulence phenotypes of Puccinia striiformis isolates collected in Lebanon and Syria were determined on seedlings of the wheat-yellow rust differential genotypes. We found 25 and 11 physiologic races over 6 years (1994 to 1999) in Syria and Lebanon, respectively. The composition of physiologic races found in Syria and Lebanon differed greatly between 1994 and 1999. Races identified in 1999, such as 230E150 and 230E134, have wider spectra of virulence on resistant genotypes than races collected in 1994. In Lebanon, three races were found in 1994 compared with six races in 1999. Yellow rust differential genotypes were used in a trap nursery to monitor yellow rust populations under natural conditions. Races identified from cultivars in the trap nursery in Syria and Lebanon, and from land race cultivars in Iraq, were recovered among the races identified from farm fields. Yellow rust samples were collected from Yemen, and none of the races identified from Yemen samples were identical to those in Syria and Lebanon. Virulence frequencies in the yellow rust population on the differential genotypes tested in the trap nurseries were above 70% for some resistance genes. Yellow rust populations in Syria and Lebanon have diverse virulence phenotypes. P. striiformis populations appear to be changing over, and this would be an important consideration for wheat breeding programs in the region.

scholarly journals Inheritance of plant height, spike length and number of spikelets per spike in Durum wheat

2007 ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biljana Gorjanovic ◽  
Marija Kraljevic-Balalic
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Combining Ability ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Specific Combining Ability ◽  
Spike Length ◽  
First Year ◽  
Gene Effects ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Additive Genes

Using the line x tester analysis we studied the combining ability and gene effects of plant height, spike length and number of spikelets per spike in durum wheat. The results of the study show that non-additive genes play more important role than additive genes in the inheritance of plant height, number of spikelets per spike in both years and in inheritance of spike length only in the first year of research. Variety Belfugito, the best general combiner for plant height and number of spikelets per spike, combined well in two best hybrids: Belfugito x Alifen and Belfugito x Yavaros 79, and these hybrids may be used in wheat breeding programs. In the majority of the cases, good specific combining ability (SCA) effects were associated with crosses of two genetically divergent parents having at least one parent as a good general combiner.

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