scholarly journals Individual differences in functional brain connectivity predict temporal discounting preference in the transition to adolescence

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeya Anandakumar ◽  
Kathryn L. Mills ◽  
Eric Earl ◽  
Lourdes Irwin ◽  
Oscar Miranda-Dominguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Temporal Discounting ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
Behavioral Assessments ◽  
Connectivity Strength

AbstractThe transition from childhood to adolescence is marked by distinct changes in behavior, including how one values waiting for a large reward compared to receiving an immediate, yet smaller, reward. While previous research has emphasized the relationship between this preference and age, it is also proposed that this behavior is related to circuitry between valuation and cognitive control systems. In this study, we examined how age and intrinsic functional connectivity strength within and between these neural systems relate to changes in discounting behavior across the transition into adolescence. We used mixed-effects modeling and linear regression to assess the contributions of age and connectivity strength in predicting discounting behavior. First, we identified relevant connections in a longitudinal sample of 64 individuals who completed MRI scans and behavioral assessments 2-3 times across ages 7-15 years (137 scans). We then repeated the analysis in a separate, cross-sectional, sample of 84 individuals (7-13 years). Both samples showed an age-related increase in preference for waiting for larger rewards. Connectivity strength within and between valuation and cognitive control systems accounted for further variance not explained by age. These results suggest that individual differences in functional neural organization can account for behavioral changes typically associated with age.

scholarly journals Development of structure–function coupling in human brain networks during youth

2019 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 771-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham L. Baum ◽  
Zaixu Cui ◽  
David R. Roalf ◽  
Rastko Ciric ◽  
Richard F. Betzel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Structure Function ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Critical Dimension ◽  
Functional Specialization ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Executive Performance ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Adolescent Brain Development

The protracted development of structural and functional brain connectivity within distributed association networks coincides with improvements in higher-order cognitive processes such as executive function. However, it remains unclear how white-matter architecture develops during youth to directly support coordinated neural activity. Here, we characterize the development of structure–function coupling using diffusion-weighted imaging andn-back functional MRI data in a sample of 727 individuals (ages 8 to 23 y). We found that spatial variability in structure–function coupling aligned with cortical hierarchies of functional specialization and evolutionary expansion. Furthermore, hierarchy-dependent age effects on structure–function coupling localized to transmodal cortex in both cross-sectional data and a subset of participants with longitudinal data (n= 294). Moreover, structure–function coupling in rostrolateral prefrontal cortex was associated with executive performance and partially mediated age-related improvements in executive function. Together, these findings delineate a critical dimension of adolescent brain development, whereby the coupling between structural and functional connectivity remodels to support functional specialization and cognition.

scholarly journals Development of structure-function coupling in human brain networks during youth

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham L. Baum ◽  
Zaixu Cui ◽  
David R. Roalf ◽  
Rastko Ciric ◽  
Richard F. Betzel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structure Function ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Diffusion Weighted Imaging ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Critical Dimension ◽  
Functional Specialization ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Executive Performance ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Adolescent Brain Development

ABSTRACTThe protracted development of structural and functional brain connectivity within distributed association networks coincides with improvements in higher-order cognitive processes such as working memory. However, it remains unclear how white matter architecture develops during youth to directly support coordinated neural activity. Here, we characterize the development of structure-function coupling using diffusion-weighted imaging and n-back fMRI data in a sample of 727 individuals (ages 8-23 years). We found that spatial variability in structure-function coupling aligned with cortical hierarchies of functional specialization and evolutionary expansion. Furthermore, hierarchy-dependent age effects on structure-function coupling localized to transmodal cortex in both cross-sectional data and a subset of participants with longitudinal data (n=294). Moreover, structure-function coupling in rostrolateral prefrontal cortex was associated with executive performance, and partially mediated age-related improvements in executive function. Together, these findings delineate a critical dimension of adolescent brain development, whereby the coupling between structural and functional connectivity remodels to support functional specialization and cognition.

scholarly journals Social perspective taking is associated with self-reported prosocial behavior and regional cortical thickness across adolescence

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian K. Tamnes ◽  
Knut Overbye ◽  
Lia Ferschmann ◽  
Anders M. Fjell ◽  
Kristine B. Walhovd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Social Perspective ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Social Perspective Taking ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Director Task

Basic perspective taking and mentalising abilities develop in childhood, but recent studies indicate that the use of social perspective taking to guide decisions and actions has a prolonged development that continues throughout adolescence. Here, we aimed to replicate this research and investigate the hypotheses that individual differences in social perspective taking in adolescence are associated with real-life prosocial and antisocial behavior and differences in brain structure. We employed an experimental approach and a large cross-sectional sample (n=293) of participants aged 7-26 years old to assess age-related improvement in social perspective taking usage during performance of a version of the Director task. In subsamples, we then tested how individual differences in social perspective taking were related to self-reported prosocial behavior and peer relationship problems on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) (n=184) and to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of regional cortical thickness and surface area (n=226). The pattern of results in the Director task replicated previous findings by demonstrating continued improvement in use of social perspective taking across adolescence. The study also showed that better social perspective taking usage is associated with more self-reported prosocial behavior, as well as to thinner cerebral cortex in regions in the left hemisphere encompassing parts of the caudal middle frontal and precentral gyri and lateral parietal regions. These associations were observed independently of age, and might partly reflect individual developmental variability. The relevance of cortical development was additionally supported by indirect effects of age on social perspective taking usage via cortical thickness.

scholarly journals Individual differences in functional brain connectivity predict temporal discounting preference in the transition to adolescence

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 101-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeya Anandakumar ◽  
Kathryn L. Mills ◽  
Eric A. Earl ◽  
Lourdes Irwin ◽  
Oscar Miranda-Dominguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Temporal Discounting ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Transition To Adolescence

scholarly journals Connectivity Strength of Dissociable Striatal Tracts Predict Individual Differences in Temporal Discounting

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (31) ◽  
pp. 10298-10310 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. van den Bos ◽  
C. A. Rodriguez ◽  
J. B. Schweitzer ◽  
S. M. McClure
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Temporal Discounting ◽  
Connectivity Strength

scholarly journals The Bidirectional in Bilingual: Cognitive, Social and Linguistic Effects of and on Third-Age Language Learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Pot ◽  
Joanna Porkert ◽  
Merel Keijzer
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Control Individual ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Cognitive Effect ◽  
Third Age ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Language Control

Bilingualism has been put forward as a life experience that, similar to musical training or being physically active, may boost cognitive performance and slow down age-related cognitive decline. In more recent years, bilingualism has come to be acknowledged not as a trait but as a highly individual experience where the context of use strongly modulates any cognitive effect that ensues from it (cf. van den Noort et al., 2019). In addition, modulating factors have been shown to interact in intricate ways (Pot, Keijzer and de Bot, 2018). Adding to the complexity is the fact that control processes linked to bilingualism are bidirectional—just as language control can influence cognitive control, individual differences in cognitive functioning often predict language learning outcomes and control. Indeed, Hartsuiker (2015) posited the need for a better understanding of cognitive control, language control as well as the transfer process between them. In this paper, we aim to shed light on the bidirectional and individual cognitive, social and linguistic factors in relation to bilingualism and second language learning, with a special focus on older adulthood: (1) we first show the intricate clustering of modulating individual factors as deterministic of cognitive outcomes of bilingual experiences at the older end of the lifespan; (2) we then present a meta-study of work in the emergent field of third-age language learning, the results of which are related to lifelong bilingualism; (3) objectives (1) and (2) are then combined to result in a blueprint for future work relating cognitive and social individual differences to bilingual linguistic outcomes and vice versa in the context of third-age language learning.

scholarly journals Linking individual differences in cognitive control and perception: Meta-perception in older and younger adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Klever ◽  
Pascal Mamassian ◽  
Jutta Billino
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Effects ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Perceptual Performance ◽  
Metacognitive Ability ◽  
Specific Challenge

Visual perception is not only shaped by sensitivity, but also by confidence, i.e. the ability to estimate the accuracy of a visual decision. There is robust evidence that younger observers have access to a reliable measure of their own uncertainty when making visual decisions. This metacognitive ability might be challenged during aging due to increasing sensory noise and decreasing cognitive control resources. We investigated age effects on visual confidence using a confidence forced-choice paradigm. We determined discrimination thresholds for trials in which perceptual judgements were indicated as confident and for those in which they were declined as confident. Younger adults (19-38 years) showed significantly lower discrimination thresholds than older adults (60-78 years). In both age groups, perceptual performance was linked to confidence judgements, but overall results suggest reduced confidence efficiency in older adults. However, we observed substantial variability of confidence effects across all particpants. This variability was closely linked to individual differences in cognitive control capacities, i.e. executive function. Our findings provide evidence for age-related differences in meta-perceptual efficiency that present a specific challenge to perceptual performance in old age. We propose that these age effects are primarily mediated by cognitive control resources, supporting their crucial role for metacognitive efficiency.

scholarly journals Age-related differences in network structure and dynamic synchrony of cognitive control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Hinault ◽  
M. Mijalkov ◽  
J.B. Pereira ◽  
Giovanni. Volpe ◽  
A. Bakker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Network Dynamics ◽  
Network Clustering ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Age Related ◽  
White Matter Microstructure

AbstractCognitive trajectories vary greatly across older individuals, and the neural mechanisms underlying these differences remain poorly understood. Here, we propose a mechanistic framework of cognitive variability in older adults, linking the influence of white matter microstructure on fast and effective communications between brain regions. Using diffusion tensor imaging and electroencephalography, we show that individual differences in white matter network organization are associated with network clustering and efficiency in the alpha and high-gamma bands, and that functional network dynamics partly explain individual cognitive control performance in older adults. We show that older individuals with high versus low structural network clustering differ in task-related network dynamics and cognitive performance. These findings were corroborated by investigating magnetoencephalography networks in an independent dataset. This multimodal brain connectivity framework of individual differences provides a holistic account of how differences in white matter microstructure underlie age-related variability in dynamic network organization and cognitive performance.

scholarly journals Two-Year Follow-Up Study of the Relationship Between Brain Structure and Cognitive Control Function Across the Adult Lifespan

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shulan Hsieh ◽  
Meng-Heng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Control Function ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Average Interval ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Relationship

Age-related decline in cognitive control and general slowing are prominent phenomena in aging research. These declines in cognitive functions have been shown to also involve age-related decline in brain structure. However, most evidence in support of these associations is based on cross-sectional data. Therefore, the aim of this study is to contrast cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses to re-examine if the relationship between age-related brain structure and cognitive function are similar between the two approaches. One hundred and two participants completed two sessions with an average interval of 2 years. All participants were assessed by questionnaires, a series of cognitive tasks, and they all underwent neuroimaging acquisition. The main results of this study show that the majority of the conclusions regarding age effect in cognitive control function and processing speed in the literature can be replicated based on the cross-sectional data. Conversely, when we followed up individuals over an average interval of 2 years, then we found much fewer significant relationships between age-related change in gray matter structure of the cognitive control network and age-related change in cognitive control function. Furthermore, there was no “initial age” effect in the relationships between age-related changes in brain structure and cognitive function. This finding suggests that the “aging” relationship between brain structure and cognitive function over a short period of time are independent of “initial age” difference at time point 1. The result of this study warrants the importance of longitudinal research for aging studies to elucidate actual aging processes on cognitive control function.

scholarly journals Age-related Effects on Word Recognition: Reliance on Cognitive Control Systems with Structural Declines in Speech-responsive Cortex

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Eckert ◽  
Adam Walczak ◽  
Jayne Ahlstrom ◽  
Stewart Denslow ◽  
Amy Horwitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Age Related
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