scholarly journals Large differences in small RNA composition between human biofluids

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula M. Godoy ◽  
Nirav R. Bhakta ◽  
Andrea J. Barczak ◽  
Hakan Cakmak ◽  
Susan Fisher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Rna ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Cellular Communication ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Extracellular Rna ◽  
Disease Biomarkers ◽  
Rna Biology ◽  
Extracellular Mirnas ◽  
Rna Fragments ◽  
Highly Correlated

SUMMARYExtracellular miRNAs and other small RNAs are implicated in cellular communication and may be useful as disease biomarkers. We systematically compared small RNAs in 12 human biofluid types using RNA-seq. miRNAs and tRNA-derived RNAs (tDRs) accounted for the majority of mapped reads in all biofluids, but the ratio of miRNA to tDR reads varied from 72 in plasma to 0.004 in bile. miRNA levels were highly correlated across all biofluids but levels of some miRNAs differed markedly between biofluids. tDR populations differed extensively between biofluids. Y RNA fragments were seen in all biofluids and accounted for >10% of reads in blood plasma, serum, and CSF. Reads mapping exclusively to piRNAs were very rare except in seminal plasma. These results demonstrate extensive differences in small RNAs between human biofluids and provide a useful resource for investigating extracellular RNA biology and developing biomarkers.

scholarly journals Characterization of Human Salivary Extracellular RNA by Next-generation Sequencing

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 1085-1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Li ◽  
Karolina Elżbieta Kaczor-Urbanowicz ◽  
Jie Sun ◽  
Blanca Majem ◽  
Hsien-Chun Lo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Sequencing ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
Small Rna ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Rna Isolation ◽  
Small Rna Sequencing ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Extracellular Rna ◽  
Library Construction ◽  
Rrna Depletion

Abstract BACKGROUND It was recently discovered that abundant and stable extracellular RNA (exRNA) species exist in bodily fluids. Saliva is an emerging biofluid for biomarker development for noninvasive detection and screening of local and systemic diseases. Use of RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) to profile exRNA is rapidly growing; however, no single preparation and analysis protocol can be used for all biofluids. Specifically, RNA-Seq of saliva is particularly challenging owing to high abundance of bacterial contents and low abundance of salivary exRNA. Given the laborious procedures needed for RNA-Seq library construction, sequencing, data storage, and data analysis, saliva-specific and optimized protocols are essential. METHODS We compared different RNA isolation methods and library construction kits for long and small RNA sequencing. The role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) depletion also was evaluated. RESULTS The miRNeasy Micro Kit (Qiagen) showed the highest total RNA yield (70.8 ng/mL cell-free saliva) and best small RNA recovery, and the NEBNext library preparation kits resulted in the highest number of detected human genes [5649–6813 at 1 reads per kilobase RNA per million mapped (RPKM)] and small RNAs [482–696 microRNAs (miRNAs) and 190–214 other small RNAs]. The proportion of human RNA-Seq reads was much higher in rRNA-depleted saliva samples (41%) than in samples without rRNA depletion (14%). In addition, the transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived RNA fragments (tRFs), a novel class of small RNAs, were highly abundant in human saliva, specifically tRF-4 (4%) and tRF-5 (15.25%). CONCLUSIONS Our results may help in selection of the best adapted methods of RNA isolation and small and long RNA library constructions for salivary exRNA studies.

scholarly journals Analysis of RDR1/RDR2/RDR6-independent small RNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana improves MIRNA annotations and reveals novel siRNA loci

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth Polydore ◽  
Michael J. Axtell
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Small Rna ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Triple Mutant ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Biogenesis

SummaryPlant small RNAs regulate key physiological mechanisms through post-transcriptional and transcriptional silencing of gene expression. sRNAs fall into two major categories: those that are reliant on RNA Dependent RNA Polymerases (RDRs) for biogenesis and those that aren’t. Known RDR-dependent sRNAs include phased and repeat-associated short interfering RNAs, while known RDR-independent sRNAs are primarily microRNAs and other hairpin-derived sRNAs. In this study, we produced and analyzed small RNA-seq libraries from rdr1/rdr2/rdr6 triple mutant plants. Only a small fraction of all sRNA loci were RDR1/RDR2/RDR6-independent; most of these were microRNA loci or associated with predicted hairpin precursors. We found 58 previously annotated microRNA loci that were reliant on RDR1, −2, or −6 function, casting doubt on their classification. We also found 38 RDR1/2/6-independent small RNA loci that are not MIRNAs or otherwise hairpin-derived, and did not fit into other known paradigms for small RNA biogenesis. These 38 small RNA-producing loci have novel biogenesis mechanisms, and are frequently located in the vicinity of protein-coding genes. Altogether, our analysis suggest that these 38 loci represent one or more new types of small RNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana.Significance StatementSmall RNAs regulate gene expression in plants and are produced through a variety of previously-described mechanisms. Here, we examine a set of previously undiscovered small RNA-producing loci that are produced by novel mechanisms.

scholarly journals A stress-induced Tyrosine tRNA depletion response mediates codon-based translational repression and growth suppression

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doowon Huh ◽  
Maria C. Passarelli ◽  
Jenny Gao ◽  
Shahnoza N Dusmatova ◽  
Clara Goin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Small Rna ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Oxidative Stress Response ◽  
Translational Repression ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Transfer Rnas ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Metabolic Genes ◽  
Rna Fragments

SUMMARYEukaryotic transfer RNAs can become selectively fragmented upon various stresses, generating tRNA-derived small RNA fragments. Such fragmentation has been reported to impact a small fraction of the tRNA pool and thus presumed to not directly impact translation. We report that oxidative stress can rapidly generate tyrosine tRNAGUA fragments in human cells—causing significant depletion of the precursor tRNA. Tyrosine tRNAGUA depletion impaired translation of growth and metabolic genes enriched in cognate tyrosine codons. Depletion of tyrosine tRNAGUA or its translationally regulated targets USP3 and SCD repressed proliferation—revealing a dedicated tRNA-regulated growth suppressive pathway for oxidative stress response. Tyrosine fragments are generated in a DIS3L2 exoribonuclease-dependent manner and inhibit hnRNPA1-mediated transcript destabilization. Moreover, tyrosine fragmentation is conserved in C. elegans. Thus, tRNA fragmentation can coordinately generate trans-acting small-RNAs and functionally deplete a tRNA. Our findings reveal the existence of an underlying adaptive codon-based regulatory response inherent to the genetic code.

scholarly journals Removing bias against short sequences enables northern blotting to better complement RNA-seq for the study of small RNAs

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun S. Choi ◽  
Lanelle O. Edwards ◽  
Aubrey DiBello ◽  
Antony M. Jose
Keyword(s):  
Small Rna ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Northern Blotting ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Rna Integrity ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Micro Rnas ◽  
Functional Rnas

ABSTRACTChanges in small non-coding RNAs such as micro RNAs (miRNAs) can serve as indicators of disease and can be measured using next-generation sequencing of RNA (RNA-seq). Here, we highlight the need for approaches that complement RNA-seq, discover that northern blotting of small RNAs is biased against short sequences, and develop a protocol that removes this bias. We found that multiple small RNA-seq datasets from the worm C. elegans had shorter forms of miRNAs that appear to be degradation products that arose during the preparatory steps required for RNA-seq. When using northern blotting during these studies, we discovered that miRNA-length probes can have a ~360-fold bias against detecting even synthetic sequences that are 8 nt shorter. By using shorter probes and by performing hybridization and washes at low temperatures, we greatly reduced this bias to enable equivalent detection of 24 nt to 14 nt RNAs. Our protocol can better discriminate RNAs that differ by a single nucleotide and can detect specific miRNAs present in total RNA from C. elegans. This improved northern blotting is particularly useful to obtain a measure of small RNA integrity, analyze products of RNA processing or turnover, and analyze functional RNAs that are shorter than typical miRNAs.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Biochemical Biases by Ligation- and Template-Switch-Based Small RNA Library Preparation Protocols

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 1581-1591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgane Meistertzheim ◽  
Tobias Fehlmann ◽  
Franziska Drews ◽  
Marcello Pirritano ◽  
Gilles Gasparoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Rna ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Library Preparation ◽  
Key Players ◽  
Rna Fragments ◽  
Template Switch ◽  
Small Rna Species ◽  
Small Rna Library

Abstract BACKGROUND Small RNAs are key players in the regulation of gene expression and differentiation. However, many different classes of small RNAs (sRNAs) have been described with distinct biogenesis pathways and, as a result, with different biochemical properties. To analyze sRNAs by deep sequencing, complementary DNA synthesis requires manipulation of the RNA molecule itself. Thus, enzymatic activities during library preparation bias the library content owing to biochemical criteria. METHODS We compared 4 different manipulations of RNA for library preparation: (a) a ligation-based procedure allowing only 5′-mono-phosphorylated RNA to enter the library, (b) a ligation-based procedure allowing additional 5′-triphosphates and Cap structures, (c) a ligation-independent, template-switch-based library preparation, and (d) a template-switch-based library preparation allowing 3′-phosphorylated RNAs to enter the library. RESULTS Our data show large differences between ligation-dependent and ligation-independent libraries in terms of their preference for individual sRNA classes such as microRNAs (miRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), and transfer RNA fragments. Moreover, the miRNA composition is different between both procedures, and more microRNA isoforms (isomiRs) can be identified after pyrophosphatase treatment. piRNAs are enriched in template-switch libraries, and this procedure apparently includes more different RNA species. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that miRNAomics from both methods will hardly be comparable. Ligation-based libraries enrich for canonical miRNAs, which thus may be suitable methods for miRNAomics. Template-switch libraries contain increased numbers and different compositions of fragments and long RNAs. Following different interests for other small RNA species, ligation-independent libraries appear to show a more realistic sRNA landscape with lower bias against biochemical modifications.

scholarly journals MiR&moRe2: A Bioinformatics Tool to Characterize microRNAs and microRNA-Offset RNAs from Small RNA-Seq Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Gaffo ◽  
Michele Bortolomeazzi ◽  
Andrea Bisognin ◽  
Piero Di Battista ◽  
Federica Lovisa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Rna ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Small Rna Sequencing ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Human Blood Cell ◽  
And Function ◽  
Comprehensive Study

MicroRNA-offset RNAs (moRNAs) are microRNA-like small RNAs generated by microRNA precursors. To date, little is known about moRNAs and bioinformatics tools to inspect their expression are still missing. We developed miR&moRe2, the first bioinformatics method to consistently characterize microRNAs, moRNAs, and their isoforms from small RNA sequencing data. To illustrate miR&moRe2 discovery power, we applied it to several published datasets. MoRNAs identified by miR&moRe2 were in agreement with previous research findings. Moreover, we observed that moRNAs and new microRNAs predicted by miR&moRe2 were downregulated upon the silencing of the microRNA-biogenesis pathway. Further, in a sizeable dataset of human blood cell populations, tens of novel miRNAs and moRNAs were discovered, some of them with significantly varied expression levels among the cell types. Results demonstrate that miR&moRe2 is a valid tool for a comprehensive study of small RNAs generated from microRNA precursors and could help to investigate their biogenesis and function.

scholarly journals Extracellular small RNAs: what, where, why?

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 886-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna M. Hoy ◽  
Amy H. Buck
Keyword(s):  
Small Rna ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Proper Function ◽  
Developmental Systems ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Extracellular Mirnas ◽  
A Cell

miRNAs (microRNAs) are a class of small RNA that regulate gene expression by binding to mRNAs and modulating the precise amount of proteins that get expressed in a cell at a given time. This form of gene regulation plays an important role in developmental systems and is critical for the proper function of numerous biological pathways. Although miRNAs exert their functions inside the cell, these and other classes of RNA are found in body fluids in a cell-free form that is resistant to degradation by RNases. A broad range of cell types have also been shown to secrete miRNAs in association with components of the RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) and/or encapsulation within vesicles, which can be taken up by other cells. In the present paper, we provide an overview of the properties of extracellular miRNAs in relation to their capacity as biomarkers, stability against degradation and mediators of cell–cell communication.

scholarly journals Visualization of the small RNA transcriptome using seqclusterViz

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Pantano ◽  
Francisco Pantano ◽  
Eulalia Marti ◽  
Shannan Ho Sui
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Small Rna ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Visualization Tool ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Genomic Locations

The study of small RNAs provides us with a deeper understanding of the complexity of gene regulation within cells. Of the different types of small RNAs, the most important in mammals are miRNA, tRNA fragments and piRNAs. Using small RNA-seq analysis, we can study all small RNA types simultaneously, with the potential to detect novel small RNA types. We describe SeqclusterViz, an interactive HTML-javascript webpage for visualizing small noncoding RNAs (small RNAs) detected by Seqcluster. The SeqclusterViz tool allows users to visualize known and novel small RNA types in model or non-model organisms, and to select small RNA candidates for further validation. SeqclusterViz is divided into three panels: i) query-ready tables showing detected small RNA clusters and their genomic locations, ii) the expression profile over the precursor for all the samples together with RNA secondary structures, and iii) the mostly highly expressed sequences. Here, we show the capabilities of the visualization tool and its validation using human brain samples from patients with Parkinson’s disease.

scholarly journals Visualization of the small RNA transcriptome using seqclusterViz

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 232
Author(s):  
Lorena Pantano ◽  
Francisco Pantano ◽  
Eulalia Marti ◽  
Shannan Ho Sui
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Small Rna ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Visualization Tool ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Genomic Locations

The study of small RNAs provides us with a deeper understanding of the complexity of gene regulation within cells. Of the different types of small RNAs, the most important in mammals are miRNA, tRNA fragments and piRNAs. Using small RNA-seq analysis, we can study all small RNA types simultaneously, with the potential to detect novel small RNA types. We describe SeqclusterViz, an interactive HTML-javascript webpage for visualizing small noncoding RNAs (small RNAs) detected by Seqcluster. The SeqclusterViz tool allows users to visualize known and novel small RNA types in model or non-model organisms, and to select small RNA candidates for further validation. SeqclusterViz is divided into three panels: i) query-ready tables showing detected small RNA clusters and their genomic locations, ii) the expression profile over the precursor for all the samples together with RNA secondary structures, and iii) the mostly highly expressed sequences. Here, we show the capabilities of the visualization tool and its validation using human brain samples from patients with Parkinson’s disease .

scholarly journals unitas: the universal tool for annotation of small RNAs

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Gebert ◽  
Charlotte Hewel ◽  
David Rosenkranz
Keyword(s):  
Small Rna ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rna Biology ◽  
User Friendly

AbstractBackgroundNext generation sequencing is a key technique in small RNA biology research that has led to the discovery of functionally different classes of small non-coding RNAs in the past years. However, reliable annotation of the extensive amounts of small non-coding RNA data produced by high-throughput sequencing is time-consuming and requires robust bioinformatics expertise. Moreover, existing tools have a number of shortcomings including a lack of sensitivity under certain conditions, limited number of supported species or detectable sub-classes of small RNAs.ResultsHere we introduce unitas, an out-of-the-box ready software for complete annotation of small RNA sequence datasets, supporting the wide range of species for which non-coding RNA reference sequences are available in the Ensembl databases (currently more than 800). unitas combines high quality annotation and numerous analysis features in a user-friendly manner. A complete annotation can be started with one simple shell command, making unitas particularly useful for researchers not having access to a bioinformatics facility. Noteworthy, the algorithms implemented in unitas are on par or even outperform comparable existing tools for small RNA annotation that base on available ncRNA sequence information.Conclusionsunitas brings together annotation and analysis features that hitherto required the installation of numerous different bioinformatics tools which can pose a challenge for the non-expert user. With this, unitas overcomes the problem of read normalization. Moreover, the high quality of sequence annotation and analysis, paired with the ease of use, make unitas a valuable tool for researchers in all fields connected to small RNA biology.

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