scholarly journals Prenatal aromatase inhibition alters postnatal immune function in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.W. Simkins ◽  
F. Bonier ◽  
Z.M. Benowitz-Fredericks
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Androgen Receptors ◽  
Gallus Gallus ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Plasma Testosterone ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Estrogen Production ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
Count Response

ABSTRACTIn birds, exposure to testosterone during embryonic development can suppress immune function; however, it is unclear whether this is caused by direct stimulation of androgen receptors. Estradiol is synthesized from testosterone by the enzyme aromatase, and this conversion is a necessary step in many signaling pathways that are ostensibly testosterone-dependent. Many lines of evidence in mammals indicate that estradiol can affect immune function. We tested the hypothesis that immunosuppressive effects of avian in ovo testosterone exposure are mediated by conversion to estradiol by aromatase, using Fadrozole to inhibit aromatization of endogenous testosterone during a crucial period of embryonic immune system development in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus). We then measured total IgY antibody count, response to PHA challenge, mass of thymus and bursa of Fabricius, and plasma testosterone post-hatch on days 3 and 18. We predicted that if immunomodulation by testosterone is dependent on aromatization, then Fadrozole treatment would lead to elevated immune activity by inhibiting estrogen production. Conversely, if testosterone inhibits immune function directly by binding to androgen receptors, then Fadrozole treatment would likely not alter immune function. Fadrozole treated birds had decreased day 3 plasma IgY antibody titers but there was a strong trend towards increased day 18 thymic mass. Furthermore, Fadrozole treatment generated a positive relationship between testosterone and thymic mass in males, and tended to increase day 18 IgY levels for a given bursal mass in females. There was no effect on PHA response, bursal mass, or plasma testosterone at either age. Overall, Fadrozole treated birds tended to have elevated indicators of immune function, implicating aromatization as a relevant pathway through which developmental exposure to testosterone can affect immunity.

Ultrahochfeld-MRT am Hühnerembryo in ovo – ein Modell für die experimentelle Ophthalmologie

2017 ◽  
Vol 234 (12) ◽  
pp. 1458-1462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronja Klose ◽  
Felix Streckenbach ◽  
Stefan Hadlich ◽  
Thomas Stahnke ◽  
Rudolf Guthoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gallus Gallus ◽  
Gallus Domesticus ◽  
Gallus Gallus Domesticus ◽  
In Ovo

ZusammenfassungDie UHF-MRT ist ein hervorragendes Verfahren zur nicht invasiven sowie nicht destruktiven Darstellung verschiedener Gewebe mit unterschiedlichem Weichteilkontrast sowie einem hohen Auflösungsvermögen im µm-Bereich. Das embryonale Auge stellt mit seinen filigranen anatomischen Strukturen genau diese Anforderungen an ein Bildgebungsverfahren. Durch seinen kurzen Entwicklungszyklus ist das Huhn ein beliebtes Tiermodell für embryonale Studien. Als nicht invasives Bildgebungsdiagnostikum erlauben repetitive In-ovo-Untersuchungen am selben Embryo eine Realisierung longitudinaler Studien über den gesamten Entwicklungsverlauf. Am Hühnerembryonenmodell (Gallus gallus domesticus) wurden die Grenzen und Möglichkeiten der In-ovo-Bildgebung bei 7 T evaluiert sowie das Größenwachstum der Embryonen mit Hauptaugenmerk auf die detaillierte Augenentwicklung beschrieben.

The rat as a model in developmental immunotoxicology

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 513-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
R J Smialowicz
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbon ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Organochlorine Pesticides ◽  
System Development ◽  
Environmental Chemicals ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
Developmental Immunotoxicity ◽  
Juvenile Development

Evidence is presented to demonstrate that the rat is a sensitive rodent species for developmental immunotoxicity testing of chemicals. A battery of immune function assays was performed in adult rats, which were exposed perinatally (i.e., during gestational, lactational, and//or juvenile development) to three different classes of environmental chemicals. The chemicals employed were the following: the organotins di-n-octyltindichloride (DOTC) and tributyltin oxide (TBTO); the polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbon 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD); and the organochlorine pesticides methoxychlor (MXC) and heptachlor (HEP). Suppression of immune function was observed in adult rats exposed to each of these chemicals during immune system development. The duration of immune function suppression in the rats so exposed ranged from three weeks (i.e., DOTC and MXC) to 19 months (i.e., TCDD) after the last exposure to the chemical.

Effects of in ovo exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD on F1 generation adult chickens (Gallus gallus)

Chemosphere ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (9-12) ◽  
pp. 1873-1883 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.R. Alonso ◽  
M.M. Peden-Adams ◽  
J.Y. Liu ◽  
C. Charbonneau ◽  
D. Henshel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gallus Gallus ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Generation Adult ◽  
F1 Generation

scholarly journals Pathological and Immunological Study of an in ovo Complex Vaccine against Infectious Bursal Disease

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mária Kelemen ◽  
Katalin Forgách ◽  
Judit Iván ◽  
V. Palya ◽  
T. Süveges ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Immunological Study ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Chicken Embryos ◽  
Bursal Disease

The appearance of very virulent strains of infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus at the end of the 1980s made it necessary to develop more effective immunization procedures. To facilitate this, the immunogenicity and the immunosuppressive effect of a mild (G-87), an intermediate (LIBD) and an intermediate-plus (IBDV 2512) IBDV strain were tested after the in ovo inoculation of 18-day-old SPF and broiler chicken embryos. It was established that no noteworthy difference existed between the immunized and the control embryos in hatching rate and hatching weight. The higher the virulence of the vaccine virus strain, the more severe damage it caused to the lymphocytes of the bursa of Fabricius. In SPF chickens, the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titres induced by a Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine administered at day old decreased in inverse ratio to the virulence of the IBD vaccine strain, while in broiler chickens this was not observed. Despite the decrease of the HI titre, the level of protection did not decline, or did so only after the use of the ‘hot’ strain. SPF chickens immunized in ovo with a complex vaccine prepared from strain IBDV 2512 and IBD antibody showed the same protection against Newcastle disease as the broilers. In broiler chicken embryos immunized in ovo, only strain IBDV 2512 induced antibody production, and such chickens were protected against IBD at 3 weeks of age. The complex vaccine administered in ovo has been used successfully at farm hatcheries as well.

scholarly journals ​Response of In ovo Supplementation of Amino Acid and Minerals on Egg Hatchability of Broiler Chicken

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Saravanakumar ◽  
A.V. Elangovan ◽  
V.B. Awachat ◽  
A.K. Pattanaik ◽  
A. Dhali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
System Development ◽  
Control Group ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Egg Hatchability ◽  
Group I ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
Group Ii

Background: In ovo supplementation of nutrients either amino acids or minerals in broiler chicken has been common more often individually or few nutrients with positive results. In view of the above, in ovo supplementation with combination of amino acids and minerals as a complete nutrient capsule for the gut and immune system development was tested for hatchability since the modern commercial broilers are very fragile to any changes in the internal environment. Methods: Four trials were conducted to study the response of in ovo supplementation of combinations of Lys, Met, Arg, Thr, Glu, Zn, Se and Cu on hatchability of broiler eggs. In trial I, the fertile eggs on day 18 were divided into five groups of 32 eggs in each group. Group I served as control without any amino acids and mineral supplementation. Group II, III, IV and V supplemented with Lys, Met, Arg, Thr, Glu, Zn, Se and Cu @ 2.2, 1, 2.5, 1.6, 2.5 mg, 80, 0.3, 16 µg; 4.4, 2, 5, 3.2, 5 mg, 80, 0.3, 16 µg; 11, 5, 12.5, 8, 12.5 mg, 80, 0.3, 16 µg and 22, 10, 25, 16, 25 mg, 80, 0.3, 18 µg respectively. In trial II, seventy fertile eggs were divided into seven groups, Group I served as control. Group II, III, IV, V, VI and VII were supplemented with graded levels (1x to 6x) of amino acids. The 1x consisted of Lys, Met, Arg, Thr and Glu @ 2.2, 1, 2.5, 1.6 and 2.5 mg, respectively. On day 18, 10 eggs per group were supplemented with graded levels of AA combination into the amniotic fluid. In trail III and IV it was similar to trial II but was without Lys and Met, respectively. Result: Results indicated that hatchability (Trial 1) in Group V, IV, III, II and I were 0, 18, 21.8, 71 and 90.6%, respectively. The Combination of five amino acids (Trial II) (Lys, Met, Thr, Arg, Glu) for in ovo supplementation reduced the hatchability, whereas, combination of four amino acids (Trial III) (Met, Thr, Arg, Glu) without Lys at lower doses resulted in good hatchability (86.6%). In ovo supplementation of amino acid or mineral-amino acid combinations in commercial broiler eggs should be restricted to few amino acids.

scholarly journals Corticosterone, Adrenal, and the Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Neonatal Rats: Effect of Maternal Separation and Hypoxia

Endocrinology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 161 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley L Gehrand ◽  
Jonathan Phillips ◽  
Kevin Malott ◽  
Hershel Raff
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Separation ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Plasma Testosterone ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Estrogen Production ◽  
Corticosterone Response ◽  
Short And Long Term

Abstract Hypoxia, a common stressor in prematurity, leads to sexually dimorphic, short- and long-term effects on the adult hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes. We hypothesized that these effects are due to stress-induced increases in testosterone during early postnatal life. We evaluated this phenomenon by systematically assessing the short-term effects of normoxic or hypoxic separation on male and female pups at birth, postnatal hours (H) 2, 4, and 8, and postnatal days (PD) 2 to 7. Our findings were (a) hypoxic separation led to a large increase in plasma corticosterone from 4H-PD4, (b) neither normoxic nor hypoxic separation affected critical adrenal steroidogenic pathway genes; however, a significant decrease in baseline Cyp11a1, Mc2r, Mrap, and Star adrenal expression during the first week of neonatal life confirmed the start of the adrenal stress hyporesponsive period, (c) a luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone–independent increase in plasma testosterone occurred in normoxic and hypoxic separated male pups at birth, (d) testicular Cyp11a1, Lhcgr, and Star expression was high at birth and decreased thereafter suggesting a hyporesponsive period in the testes, and (e) elevated estrogen in the early neonatal period occurred independently of gonadotropin stimulation. We conclude that a large corticosterone response to hypoxia during the first 5 days of life occurs as an adaptation to neonatal stress, that the testosterone surge during the first hours after birth occurs independently of gonadotropins but is associated with upregulation of the steroidogenic pathway genes in the testes, and that high postnatal estrogen production also occurs independently of gonadotropins.

scholarly journals Effect of in ovo feeding of vitamin C on antioxidation and immune function of broiler chickens

animal ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1927-1933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.F. Zhu ◽  
S.Z. Li ◽  
Q.Z. Sun ◽  
X.J. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
In Ovo Feeding

REDUCED TISSUE ANDROGEN RECEPTORS IN THE CONGENITALLY OBESE MALE ZUCKER RAT

1985 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. R13-R15 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Bannister ◽  
E. M. Whitaker
Keyword(s):  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Androgen Receptors ◽  
Plasma Testosterone ◽  
Zucker Rat ◽  
Obese Zucker Rat ◽  
Obese Rats ◽  
Obese Male

ABSTRACT Androgen receptor (AR) concentrations were measured in the prostates and livers of the infertile congenitally obese male Zucker rat and their fertile non-obese litter-mates. In obese rats AR concentrations were significantly lower in both the liver (p<0.001) and the prostates (p<0.01) of the obese rats compared with the non-obese rats, despite similar plasma testosterone concentrations in both phenotypes. These findings suggest that a potential cause for the infertility observed in the obese Zucker rat is a reduced sensitivity of target tissues to circulating androgens.

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