scholarly journals Who is the host of the host-associated microbiome? Colony-level dynamics overshadow individual-level characteristics in the fur microbiome of a social mammal, the Egyptian fruit-bat

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oren kolodny ◽  
Maya Weinberg ◽  
Leah Reshef ◽  
Lee Harten ◽  
Abraham Hefetz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Fruit Bats ◽  
Biological Unit ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Fruit Bat ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Colony Level

ABSTRACTIn the first longitudinal study of bat microbiomes, we find that unlike the pattern described in humans and other mammals, the prominent dynamics in Egyptian fruit bats’ fur microbiomes are those of change over time at the level of the colony as a whole. Thus, on average, a pair of fur microbiome samples from different individuals in the same colony collected on the same date are more similar to one another than a pair of samples from the same individual collected at different time points. This pattern suggests that the whole colony may be the appropriate biological unit for understanding some of the roles of the host microbiome in social bats’ ecology and evolution. This pattern of synchronized colony changes over time is also reflected in the profile of volatile compounds in the bats’ fur, but differs from the more individualized pattern found in the bats’ gut microbiome.

scholarly journals Persistent beliefs: Political extremism predicts ideological stability over time

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1137-1149
Author(s):  
Maria V. Zwicker ◽  
Jan-Willem van Prooijen ◽  
André P. M. Krouwel
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Political Extremism ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Lower Standard ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Previous research suggests that political extremists have stronger convictions in their beliefs than moderates. The present research examines the relationship between political extremism and belief stability, defined as the extent to which people change their ideological beliefs over time. Studies 1 ( N = 397) and 2 ( N = 291) revealed that participants at the left and right extremes report more stable beliefs than political moderates. We then reanalyzed a longitudinal study that tracked actual ideological changes over time during a referendum (Study 3, N = 5812). Results indicated that for ideological orientation measured at three time points, politically extreme respondents had lower standard deviations—and hence, more stable ideologies over time—than moderates. Furthermore, the effect appeared more pronounced among people at the left than people at the right. We discuss implications of these insights for political extremism in society and the malleability of political ideology.

Longitudinal study of adverse behaviour of undocked pigs in two different housing systems

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 165-168
Author(s):  
H. A. Van de Weerd ◽  
C. M. Docking ◽  
J .E. L. Day ◽  
K. Breuer ◽  
S. A. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Housing System ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Housing Systems ◽  
Tail Biting ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Biting Behaviour

AbstractThe development of adverse behaviour in group–housed growing/ finishing pigs with intact tails was studied in a straw–flow housing system and in a part–slatted system with a commercial enrichment object. Food intake, body weight and behaviour were monitored over the finishing period, with tail biting outbreaks defined as an occasion where three or more pigs within a group had freshly damaged tails and tail biting behaviour was ongoing. Data from the two systems were analysed to identify tail–biting outbreaks and behavioural changes over time. Levels of pig manipulation were higher in the part–slatted system. Over time, pigs in both systems showed reduced interest in the enrichment provided, but not in each other. Despite the presence of the enrichment device, tail biting occurred in all groups in the part–slatted system, but only 1/12 groups in the straw–flow system. The amount of time occupied by manipulation of the enrichment provided was very significantly higher for straw than for the commercial object. Better design of enrichment strategies is therefore needed and should be based on species–relevant requirements.

scholarly journals PROCESSES OF LOCALIZATION AND INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF LOCAL MANAGERS IN ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS IN DANISH OWNED SUBSIDIARIES IN ESTONIA, LATVIA AND LITHUANIA AROUND THE 21ST CENTURY

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanette Thomsen
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Transition Economies ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Informal Institutions ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Institutional Changes ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Formal And Informal Institutions ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

This study identifies interplay between the localization processes and formal as well as informal institutions in a specific context. Particularly the changes over time in institutions and localization processes are in focus. A longitudinal study of institutional changes in local management has been conducted from 1997 to 2002 among local CEOs, chief accountants and production managers in a Danish SME, using mainly qualitative methods. Data have been compared to primary data from similar companies in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The study has resulted in establishing a model for comparing interplay between localization processes in SMEs and the formal and informal institutions in different transition and post‐transition economies.

scholarly journals Prostate Volume Changes Over Time: Results From the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

2009 ◽  
Vol 182 (4) ◽  
pp. 1458-1462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacy Loeb ◽  
Anna Kettermann ◽  
H. Ballentine Carter ◽  
Luigi Ferrucci ◽  
E. Jeffrey Metter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Prostate Volume ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Baltimore Longitudinal Study ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals Hockey Concussion Education Project, Part 1. Susceptibility-weighted imaging study in male and female ice hockey players over a single season

2014 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 864-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl G. Helmer ◽  
Ofer Pasternak ◽  
Eli Fredman ◽  
Ronny I. Preciado ◽  
Inga K. Koerte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Susceptibility Weighted Imaging ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Female Subjects

Object Concussion, or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), is a commonly occurring sports-related injury, especially in contact sports such as hockey. Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), which appear as small, hypointense lesions on T2*-weighted images, can result from TBI. The authors use susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) to automatically detect small hypointensities that may be subtle signs of chronic and acute damage due to both subconcussive and concussive injury. The goal was to investigate how the burden of these hypointensities changes over time, over a playing season, and postconcussion, in comparison with subjects who did not suffer a medically observed and diagnosed concussion. Methods Images were obtained in 45 university-level adult male and female ice hockey players before and after a single Canadian Interuniversity Sports season. In addition, 11 subjects (5 men and 6 women) underwent imaging at 72 hours, 2 weeks, and 2 months after concussion. To identify subtle changes in brain tissue and potential CMBs, nonvessel clusters of hypointensities on SWI were automatically identified, and a hypointensity burden index was calculated for all subjects at the beginning of the season (BOS), the end of the season (EOS), and at postconcussion time points (where applicable). Results A statistically significant increase in the hypointensity burden, relative to the BOS, was observed for male subjects with concussions at the 2-week postconcussion time point. A smaller, nonsignificant rise in the burden for female subjects with concussions was also observed within the same time period. There were no significant changes in burden for nonconcussed subjects of either sex between the BOS and EOS time points. However, there was a statistically significant difference in the burden between male and female subjects in the nonconcussed group at both the BOS and EOS time points, with males having a higher burden. Conclusions This method extends the utility of SWI from the enhancement and detection of larger (> 5 mm) CMBs, which are often observed in more severe cases of TBI, to cases involving smaller lesions in which visual detection of injury is difficult. The hypointensity burden metric proposed here shows statistically significant changes over time in the male subjects. A smaller, nonsignificant increase in the burden metric was observed in the female subjects.

scholarly journals The Gut Microbiome in Autism: Study-Site Effects and Longitudinal Analysis of Behavior Change

mSystems ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Fouquier ◽  
Nancy Moreno Huizar ◽  
Jody Donnelly ◽  
Cody Glickman ◽  
Dae-Wook Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Social Withdrawal ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Site Location ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT Research relating gut microbiome composition to autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has produced inconsistent results, indicative of the disorder’s complexity and the need for more sophisticated experimental designs. We address this need by (i) comparing gut microbiome composition between individuals with ASD and neurotypical controls in Arizona and Colorado using standardized DNA extraction and sequencing methods at both locations and (ii) longitudinally evaluating the gut microbiome’s relationship to autism behavioral severity, diet, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Gut microbiome composition differed between individuals in Arizona and individuals in Colorado, and gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly higher in ASD individuals than in neurotypical individuals in Arizona but not in Colorado. Gut microbiome composition was significantly associated with ASD while controlling for study-site location but not when controlling for gastrointestinal symptoms. This suggests that non-ASD-related study site differences in gut microbiome composition and different degrees of gastrointestinal symptoms involvement with ASD between sites may contribute to inconsistent results in the literature regarding the association between gut microbiome composition and ASD. In the longitudinal analysis, we found that difference in levels of lethargy/social withdrawal measured in individuals at different time points correlated with the degree of change in gut microbiome composition and that a worsening of inappropriate speech between time points was associated with decreased gut microbiome diversity. This relationship between changes in the gut microbiome composition within individuals and ASD behavioral severity metrics indicates that longitudinal study designs may be useful for exploring microbial drivers of ASD severity when substantial variability exists in baseline microbiome compositions across individuals and geographical regions. IMPORTANCE Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a brain developmental disorder with varying behavioral symptom severity both across individuals and within individuals over time. There have been promising but also inconsistent literature results regarding how the gut microbiota (microbiome) may be involved. We found that the gut microbiome in individuals with ASD is affected by study-site location as well as gastrointestinal symptom severity. When we sampled some individuals with ASD at several different time points, we found that some behaviors, such as lethargy/social withdrawal and inappropriate speech, changed along with changes in the gut microbiota composition. This is the first study to relate severity of behavior symptoms to gut microbiome composition within individuals over time and suggests a dynamic relationship between ASD-associated symptoms and gut microbes. Longitudinal study designs as well as collaborative efforts across multiple centers are needed to fully characterize the relationship between ASD and gut microbes.

scholarly journals Development of Burnout Perceptions During Adolescence Among High-Level Athletes: A Developmental and Gendered Perspective

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 436-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandrine Isoard-Gautheu ◽  
Emma Guillet-Descas ◽  
Patrick Gaudreau ◽  
Julien Chanal
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Athlete Burnout ◽  
High Level ◽  
Over Time

This study examined (a) the developmental trajectories of athlete burnout perceptions, (b) the gender differences on these trajectories, and (c) the interactions in the developmental trajectories of the three burnout dimensions. A five-wave longitudinal study was conducted with 895 athletes (47.6% female; Mage = 15.67). Results of multilevel growth models revealed that during adolescence, “reduced sense of accomplishment” linearly decreased and was higher for girls than boys. Moreover, “emotional/physical exhaustion” increased then decreased, and seemed to have been attenuated at time points in which athletes also had higher levels of “sport devaluation.” Finally, “sport devaluation” increased over time with higher increases for girls than boys. Results of our study depicted the general and the gendered shape of the trajectory of burnout perceptions during adolescence, and underlined the advantages of considering the multifaceted nature of burnout to enable a deeper examination of the within-person synergies in the development of the three dimensions.

Differences over time in older people’s relationships with children, grandchildren, nieces and nephews in rural North Wales

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 567-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. CLARE WENGER ◽  
VANESSA BURHOLT
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Older People ◽  
Family Structure ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Intergenerational Relationships ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Rural Employment ◽  
North Wales ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Based on data from the Bangor Longitudinal Study of Ageing (BLSA) 1979–1999, this paper examines changes over time in the intergenerational relationships of older people (aged 65+ in 1979). The analysis uses quantitative and qualitative data to discuss changes from 1979–1999 for those respondents who survived in the community to 1999. It looks at mothers’ and fathers’ relationships with their adult children, grandmother and grandfather relationships with grandchildren and relationships between aunts and uncles with nieces and nephews. It identifies four different patterns of intergenerational relationships showing how the rural employment structure impacts on family structure, migration and support patterns.

scholarly journals The radiological interpretation of possible microbleeds after moderate or severe traumatic brain injury: a longitudinal study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anke W. van der Eerden ◽  
Thomas L. A. van den Heuvel ◽  
Marnix C. Maas ◽  
Priya Vart ◽  
Pieter E. Vos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Severe Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Clinical Consequences ◽  
Severe Tbi ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Introduction In order to augment the certainty of the radiological interpretation of “possible microbleeds” after traumatic brain injury (TBI), we assessed their longitudinal evolution on 3-T SWI in patients with moderate/severe TBI. Methods Standardized 3-T SWI and T1-weighted imaging were obtained 3 and 26 weeks after TBI in 31 patients. Their microbleeds were computer-aided detected and classified by a neuroradiologist as no, possible, or definite at baseline and follow-up, separately (single-scan evaluation). Thereafter, the classifications were re-evaluated after comparison between the time-points (post-comparison evaluation). We selected the possible microbleeds at baseline at single-scan evaluation and recorded their post-comparison classification at follow-up. Results Of the 1038 microbleeds at baseline, 173 were possible microbleeds. Of these, 53.8% corresponded to no microbleed at follow-up. At follow-up, 30.6% were possible and 15.6% were definite. Of the 120 differences between baseline and follow-up, 10% showed evidence of a pathophysiological change over time. Proximity to extra-axial injury and proximity to definite microbleeds were independently predictive of becoming a definite microbleed at follow-up. The reclassification level differed between anatomical locations. Conclusions Our findings support disregarding possible microbleeds in the absence of clinical consequences. In selected cases, however, a follow-up SWI-scan could be considered to exclude evolution into a definite microbleed.

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