scholarly journals Antiseptic Agents Elicit Short-Term, Personalized and Body Site-Specific Shifts in Resident Skin Bacterial Communities

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam J. SanMiguel ◽  
Jacquelyn S. Meisel ◽  
Joseph Horwinski ◽  
Qi Zheng ◽  
Charles W. Bradley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Body Site ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Antiseptic Treatment ◽  
Antimicrobial Interventions ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTDespite critical functions in cutaneous health and disease, it is unclear how resident skin microbial communities are altered by topical antimicrobial interventions commonly used in personal and clinical settings. Here we show that acute exposure to antiseptic treatments elicits rapid but short-term depletion of microbial community diversity and membership. Thirteen subjects were enrolled in a longitudinal treatment study to analyze the effects of topical treatments (ethanol, povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, water) on the skin microbiome at two skin sites of disparate microenvironment: forearm and back. Treatment effects were highly dependent on personalized and body site-specific colonization signatures, which concealed community dynamics at the population level when not accounted for in this analysis. The magnitude of disruption was influenced by the identity and abundance of particular bacterial inhabitants. Lowly abundant members of the skin microbiota were more likely to be displaced, and subsequently replaced by the most abundant taxa prior to treatment. Members of the skin commensal family Propionibactericeae were particularly resilient to treatment, suggesting a distinct competitive advantage in the face of disturbance. These results provide insight into the stability and resilience of the skin microbiome, while establishing the impact of topical antiseptic treatment on skin bacterial dynamics and community ecology.

scholarly journals Short-Term Plant Community Responses to Warming and Defoliation in a Northern Temperate Grassland

ISRN Ecology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliza S. Deutsch ◽  
Edward W. Bork ◽  
James F. Cahill ◽  
Scott X. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Plant Community ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Temperate Grassland ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Second Year

Little is known about the short-term impacts of warming on native plant community dynamics in the northern Canadian prairies. This study examined the immediate effects of elevated temperature and defoliation on plant community diversity, composition, and biomass within a native rough fescue (Festuca hallii (Vasey) Piper) grassland over two growing seasons. We used open-top chambers to simulate climate change and defoliated vegetation in midsummer of the first year to simulate biomass loss associated with periodic ungulate grazing. Warming marginally increased plant species diversity and changed community composition shortly after treatment, but effects were not apparent the second year, and there were no apparent impacts on plant biomass. Nonetheless, warming may have impacted community diversity indirectly through reduced soil moisture content, a pattern that persisted into the second year. Overall, this northern temperate grassland demonstrated limited community-level changes to warming even in the presence of defoliation.

scholarly journals Bottom-up ecology of the human microbiome: from metagenomes to metabolomes

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Garza ◽  
Marcel C. Van Verk ◽  
Martijn A. Huynen ◽  
Bas E. Dutilh
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Body Site ◽  
Essential Factor ◽  
Metabolomics Data ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Site Specific

AbstractThe environmental metabolome is a dominant and essential factor shaping microbial communities. Thus, we hypothesized that metagenomic datasets could reveal the quantitative metabolic status of a given sample. Using a newly developed bottom-up ecology algorithm, we predicted high-resolution metabolomes of hundreds of metagenomic datasets from the human microbiome, revealing body-site specific metabolomes consistent with known metabolomics data, and suggesting that common cosmetics ingredients are some of the major metabolites shaping the human skin microbiome.

scholarly journals Antiseptic Agents Elicit Short-Term, Personalized, and Body Site–Specific Shifts in Resident Skin Bacterial Communities

2018 ◽  
Vol 138 (10) ◽  
pp. 2234-2243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam J. SanMiguel ◽  
Jacquelyn S. Meisel ◽  
Joseph Horwinski ◽  
Qi Zheng ◽  
Charles W. Bradley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Body Site ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Site Specific

scholarly journals Impacts of peat on nitrogen conservation and fungal community composition dynamics during food waste composting

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaihua He ◽  
Qiang Li ◽  
Xiaoyi Zeng ◽  
Kai Tian ◽  
Xiangshi Kong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Ammonia Emissions ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Nitrogen Conservation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Peat, as a heterogeneous mixture of decaying plant debris and microbial residues, has been widely used in many fields. However, little research focused on the impact of peat addition on food waste composting. To fill this gap, a composting experiment of food waste mixed with five varying percent peat 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% (w/w, dry weight) was designed to investigate the effect of different dosages of peat on nitrogen conservation, physiochemical parameters, and fungal community dynamics during composting. The results showed that adding peat elevated the peak temperature of composting, lowered final pH, reduced ammonia emissions and increased the final total nitrogen content. Compared to control, adding 5, 10, 15, and 20% peat decreased ammonia emissions by 1.91, 10.79, 23.73, and 18.26%, respectively, during 42 days of composting. Moreover, peat addition increased fungal community diversity especially during maturation phase. The most two abundant phyla were Basidiomycota and Ascomycota in all treatments throughout the composting process. At the end of composting, in treatments with adding 10 and 15% peat, the richest fungi were Scedosporium spp. and Coprinopsis spp., respectively. Simultaneously, canonical correlation analyses showed that pH, moisture content, and seed germination index had significant association with fungal community composition. The study also showed that fungal community and nitrogen conservation had no direct obvious relation during composting. Overall, the results suggest that the addition of peat could efficiently enhance nitrogen conservation through reduction of ammonia emissions and 15% peat addition is the optimal formula for food waste composting.

scholarly journals Influence of short-term dietary starch inclusion on the equine cecal microbiome1

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (11) ◽  
pp. 5077-5090 ◽  
Author(s):  
C M Warzecha ◽  
J A Coverdale ◽  
J E Janecka ◽  
J L Leatherwood ◽  
W E Pinchak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Relative Abundances ◽  
Horse Health ◽  
Dietary Starch ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine bacterial community profiles of the equine cecum in response to abrupt inclusion of varying levels of dietary starch. Seven cecally cannulated Quarter Horse geldings (497 to 580 kg) were used in a crossover design with two 28-d periods and a 28-d washout between each. Horses were randomly assigned to dietary treatments consisting of a commercial concentrate offered as fed at either 0.6 (low starch [LS]) or 1.2% BW (high starch [HS]) daily that was divided into 2 meals at 12-h intervals. Prior to the start of each period, horses were allowed ad libitum access to coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) hay. Concentrate was fed on d 1 with no adaptation. Cecal fluid was collected on d 1 at h 0 and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 h relative to the initial concentrate meal on d 1. Additional samples were collected 6 h after feeding on d 2, 3, and 7 of each period. Cecal contents were used to determine pH and VFA concentrations and extract microbial DNA. The V4 through V6 region of 16S rRNA gene was amplified using PCR and sequenced on the Roche 454 FLX platform. Sequence analysis was performed with QIIME, and data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Cecal pH tended to decrease (P = 0.09) in horses fed HS in the first 12 h after the first concentrate meal and remained lower (P ≤ 0.05) the following 7 d. Total VFA were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in horses fed HS in the initial 12 h and 7 d after addition of concentrate. Species richness determined using the Chao1 index was unchanged (P > 0.20) over the initial 12 h and decreased (P = 0.01) over 7 d for both treatments. Community diversity determined using the Shannon index tended to decrease (P = 0.06) over the 7 d. Relative abundances of Paraprevotellaceae were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in HS in the first 12 h. Over 7 d, relative abundances of Paraprevotellaceae, Veillonellaceae, and Succinivibrionaceae were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in HS compared with LS. Abrupt and short-term exposure to dietary starch does alter cecal fermentation and microbial community structure in horses, but the impact on horse health is unknown.

scholarly journals Macroecology suggests cancer-causing papillomaviruses form non-neutral communities

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Félez-Sánchez ◽  
Carmen Lía Murall ◽  
Ignacio G. Bravo
Keyword(s):  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Niche Partitioning ◽  
Neutral Theory ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Human Papillomaviruses ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTChronic infection by oncogenic Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) leads to cancers. Public health interventions, such as cancer screening and mass vaccination, radically change the ecological conditions encountered by circulating viruses. It is currently unclear how HPVs communities may respond to these environmental changes, because little is known about their ecology. Predicting the impact on viral diversity by the introduction of HPV vaccines requires answering the unresolved question of how HPVs interact. Although it is commonly believed that they do not interact (neutral theory), there are suggestions that HPV types may compete for resources or via the immune response (niche-based or non-neutral theory). Here, we applied for the first time established biodiversity measures and methods to epidemiological data in order to assess whether niche-partitioning or neutral processes are shaping HPV diversity patterns at the population level. We find that as infections progress toward cancer, HPVs communities become more uneven and a few HPVs play a stronger dominance role. By fitting species abundance distributions, we found that neutral models were always out-performed by non-neutral distributions, both in asymptomatic infections and in cancers. Our results suggest that temporally moving from a more even to a less even community implies an increase in competition, probably due to environmental changes linked to infection progression. More ecological thinking will be required to understand present-day interactions and to anticipate the future of the long lasting interactions between HPVs and humans.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHuman papillomaviruses (HPVs) are very diverse. Infections by HPVs are very common and chronic infections may lead to cancers. The more oncogenic HPVs are now targetted by effective vaccines, and this has raised the question of whether there may be a viral replacement if these dominant types were removed. This is a medical version of a classical ecological controversy, namely how much biodiversity distributions and community dynamics are explained by neutral theory plays out across ecosystems. For HPVs, epidemiologic studies before and after the vaccination have led to the widespread belief that these viruses do not interact. Here, we apply different methods developed in macroecology to the best available epidemiologic data to address this issue. Consistently, we find that HPVs form non-neutral communities. Instead, competitive niche-partitioning process and dominance explain best HPVs communities. We also find that the vaccine might not change such competitive niche processes. Beyond clinical implications, this garners support that niche processes often best explain biodiversity patterns, even in human viral communities.

A Newspaper’s Effect on the Strength of Automatic Associations in Memory

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Arendt
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Short Term Effect ◽  
Automatic Associations ◽  
Foreign Nationality ◽  
The Impact

A test was done to see if reading a newspaper which consistently overrepresents foreigners as criminals strengthens the automatic association between foreign country and criminal in memory (i.e., implicit cultivation). Further, an investigation was done to find out if reading articles from the same newspaper produces a short-term effect on the same measure and if (1) emotionalization of the newspaper texts, (2) emotional reactions of the reader (indicated by arousal), and (3) attributed text credibility moderate the short-term treatment effect. Eighty-five participants were assigned to one of three experimental conditions. Participants in the control group received short factual crime texts, where the nationality of the offender was not mentioned. Participants in the factual treatment group received the same texts, but the foreign nationality was mentioned. Participants in the emotionalized treatment group received emotionalized articles (i.e., texts which are high in vividness and frequency) covering the same crimes, with the foreign nationality mentioned. Supporting empirical evidence for implicit cultivation and a short-term effect was found. However, only emotionalized articles produced a short-term effect on the strength of the automatic association, indicating that newspaper texts must have a minimum of stimulus intensity to overcome an effect threshold. There were no moderating effects of arousal or credibility pertaining to the impact on the implicit measure. However, credibility moderated the short-term effect on a first-order judgment (i.e., estimated frequency of foreigners of all criminals). This indicates that a newspaper’s effect on the strength of automatic associations is relatively independent from processes of propositional reasoning.

Diatoms in the Amur Bay sediments (Sea of Japan) and the impact of typhoons on their accumulation over the last 2000 years

2019 ◽  
pp. 252-256
Author(s):  
Irina A. Prushkovskaya ◽  
Ira B. Tsoy
Keyword(s):  
Sea Of Japan ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Catastrophic Events ◽  
Bromine Content ◽  
Amur Bay ◽  
The Impact

The study of diatoms in the sediments of the Amur Bay (Sea of Japan), formed over the last 2000 years, showed that the sharp short-term drops in the concentration of diatoms coincide with the minima of bromine content, which can be explained by the influence of typhoons or other catastrophic events leading to floods and used later in paleoreconstructions.

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