scholarly journals Optogenetic dissection of descending behavioral control inDrosophila

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Cande ◽  
Gordon J. Berman ◽  
Shigehiro Namiki ◽  
Jirui Qiu ◽  
Wyatt Korff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Behavioral Effects ◽  
Behavioral State ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Representation ◽  
Descending Neurons ◽  
Stereotyped Behaviors ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Freely Behaving ◽  
The Brain

AbstractIn most animals, the brain makes behavioral decisions that are transmitted by descending neurons to the nerve cord circuitry that produces behaviors. In insects, only a few descending neurons have been associated with specific behaviors. To explore how these neurons control an insect’s movements, we developed a novel method to systematically assay the behavioral effects of activating individual neurons on freely behaving terrestrialD. melanogaster. We calculated a two-dimensional representation of the entire behavior space explored by these flies and associated descending neurons with specific behaviors by identifying regions of this space that were visited with increased frequency during optogenetic activation. Applying this approach across a population of descending neurons, we found, that (1) activation of most of the descending neurons drove stereotyped behaviors, (2) in many cases multiple descending neurons activated similar behaviors, and (3) optogenetically-activated behaviors were often dependent on the behavioral state prior to activation.

scholarly journals Optogenetic dissection of descending behavioral control in Drosophila

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Cande ◽  
Shigehiro Namiki ◽  
Jirui Qiu ◽  
Wyatt Korff ◽  
Gwyneth M Card ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Behavioral Effects ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Large Collection ◽  
Dimensional Representation ◽  
Descending Neurons ◽  
Stereotyped Behaviors ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Freely Behaving ◽  
The Brain

In most animals, the brain makes behavioral decisions that are transmitted by descending neurons to the nerve cord circuitry that produces behaviors. In insects, only a few descending neurons have been associated with specific behaviors. To explore how descending neurons control an insect’s movements, we developed a novel method to systematically assay the behavioral effects of activating individual neurons on freely behaving terrestrial D. melanogaster. We calculated a two-dimensional representation of the entire behavior space explored by these flies, and we associated descending neurons with specific behaviors by identifying regions of this space that were visited with increased frequency during optogenetic activation. Applying this approach across a large collection of descending neurons, we found that (1) activation of most of the descending neurons drove stereotyped behaviors, (2) in many cases multiple descending neurons activated similar behaviors, and (3) optogenetically activated behaviors were often dependent on the behavioral state prior to activation.

scholarly journals Integration of ultrasound and flight inputs on descending neurons in the cricket brain

1989 ◽  
Vol 145 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Brodfuehrer ◽  
R. R. Hoy
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Sound Source ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Flight Activity ◽  
Behavioral State ◽  
Descending Neurons ◽  
Cricket Brain ◽  
Flight Motor ◽  
The Brain

In response to ultrasonic stimuli, tethered flying crickets perform evasive steering movements that are directed away from the sound source (negative phonotaxis). In this study we have investigated the responsiveness to ultrasound of neurons that descend from the cricket brain, and whether flight activity facilitates the responsiveness of these neurons. 1. Ultrasonic stimuli evoke descending activity in the cervical connectives both ipsilateral and contralateral to the sound source. 2. Both the amount of descending activity and the latency of this response in the cervical connectives are linearly correlated with ultrasonic stimulus intensity, regardless of the cricket's behavioral state. 3. Flight activity significantly increases the amount of descending activity evoked by ultrasound at all stimulus intensities, and significantly decreases the latency of the response in the cervical connectives compared with non-flying crickets. Flight activity, however, does not significantly affect the activity in an interneuron (Int-1) carrying ultrasound input to the brain. Thus, the increase in the amount of descending activity produced during flight activity is due to the integration of input from Int-1 and the flight motor system to ultrasound-sensitive neurons in the cricket brain. 4. Descending units recorded in the cervical connectives originate in the cricket brain. A reduction in the amount of descending activity is correlated with a decrease in the magnitude of the negative phonotactic response of the abdomen during flight activity, suggesting that these descending units play a role in eliciting negative phonotaxis.

Longitudinal Changes in Individual BrainAGE in Healthy Aging, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer’s Disease

GeroPsych ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 235-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Franke ◽  
Christian Gaser
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Brain Aging ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Additional Increase ◽  
Longitudinal Changes ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
The Brain

We recently proposed a novel method that aggregates the multidimensional aging pattern across the brain to a single value. This method proved to provide stable and reliable estimates of brain aging – even across different scanners. While investigating longitudinal changes in BrainAGE in about 400 elderly subjects, we discovered that patients with Alzheimer’s disease and subjects who had converted to AD within 3 years showed accelerated brain atrophy by +6 years at baseline. An additional increase in BrainAGE accumulated to a score of about +9 years during follow-up. Accelerated brain aging was related to prospective cognitive decline and disease severity. In conclusion, the BrainAGE framework indicates discrepancies in brain aging and could thus serve as an indicator for cognitive functioning in the future.

Novel method for calculating two-dimensional blade vortex interaction

AIAA Journal ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 909-912
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Epstein ◽  
John A. Rule ◽  
Donald B. Bliss
Keyword(s):  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Vortex Interaction ◽  
Blade Vortex Interaction ◽  
Novel Method

scholarly journals Homogeneous 2D and 3D alignment of cardiomyocyte in dilated cardiomyopathy revealed by intravital heart imaging

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyoshi Masuyama ◽  
Tomoaki Higo ◽  
Jong-Kook Lee ◽  
Ryohei Matsuura ◽  
Ian Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Dilated Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Cardiac Dysfunction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Heart Imaging ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
2D And 3D

AbstractIn contrast to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, there has been reported no specific pattern of cardiomyocyte array in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), partially because lack of alignment assessment in a three-dimensional (3D) manner. Here we have established a novel method to evaluate cardiomyocyte alignment in 3D using intravital heart imaging and demonstrated homogeneous alignment in DCM mice. Whilst cardiomyocytes of control mice changed their alignment by every layer in 3D and position twistedly even in a single layer, termed myocyte twist, cardiomyocytes of DCM mice aligned homogeneously both in two-dimensional (2D) and in 3D and lost myocyte twist. Manipulation of cultured cardiomyocyte toward homogeneously aligned increased their contractility, suggesting that homogeneous alignment in DCM mice is due to a sort of alignment remodelling as a way to compensate cardiac dysfunction. Our findings provide the first intravital evidence of cardiomyocyte alignment and will bring new insights into understanding the mechanism of heart failure.

A novel method to fabricate two-dimensional nanomaterial based on electrospinning

2021 ◽  
Vol 143 ◽  
pp. 106275
Author(s):  
Wenjing Ji ◽  
Guojie Zhao ◽  
Cong Guo ◽  
Li Fan ◽  
Hua Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Novel Method
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