scholarly journals Reversed depth in anti-correlated random dot stereograms and central-peripheral difference in visual inference

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Zhaoping ◽  
Joelle Ackermann
Keyword(s):  
Great Difficulty ◽  
Black Dot ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Random Dot Stereograms ◽  
Monocular Image ◽  
Random Dot Stereogram ◽  
Visual Cortical ◽  
Higher Visual Areas

1AbstractTwo images of random black and white dots, one for each eye, can represent object surfaces in a threedimensional scene when the dots correspond interocularly in a random dot stereogram (RDS). The spatial disparities between the corresponding dots represent depths of object surfaces. If the dots become anti-correlated such that a black dot in one monocular image corresponds to a white dot in the other, disparity-tuned neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) respond as if their preferred disparities become non-preferred and vice versa, thereby reversing the disparity signs reported to higher visual areas. Humans have great difficulty perceiving the reversed depth, or any depth at all, in anti-correlated RDSs. We report that the reversed depth is more easily perceived when the RDSs are viewed in peripheral visual field, supporting a recently proposed central-peripheral dichotomy in mechanisms of feedback from higher to lower visual cortical areas for visual inference.

scholarly journals Reversed Depth in Anticorrelated Random-Dot Stereograms and the Central-Peripheral Difference in Visual Inference

Perception ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 531-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Zhaoping ◽  
Joëlle Ackermann
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Great Difficulty ◽  
Black Dot ◽  
Central Visual Field ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Random Dot Stereograms ◽  
Random Dot Stereogram ◽  
Visual Cortical ◽  
Higher Visual Areas

In a random-dot stereogram, the percept of object surfaces in a three-dimensional scene is generated by images presented to left and right eyes that comprise interocularly corresponding random black and white dots. The spatial disparities between the corresponding dots determine the depths of object surfaces. If the dots are anticorrelated, such that a black dot in one monocular image corresponds to a white dot in the other, disparity-tuned neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) respond as if their preferred disparities become nonpreferred and vice versa, thereby reversing the disparity signs reported to higher visual areas. Typically, when viewing anticorrelated random-dot stereograms presented in the central visual field, humans have great difficulty perceiving the reversed depth or indeed any coherent depth at all. We report that the reversed depth is more easily perceived in the peripheral visual field, supporting a recently proposed central-peripheral dichotomy in the way that feedback from higher to lower visual cortical areas implements visual inference.

scholarly journals Mouse higher visual areas provide both distributed and discrete contributions to visually guided behaviors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miaomiao Jin ◽  
Lindsey L. Glickfeld
Keyword(s):  
Orientation Discrimination ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Begging The Question ◽  
Distributed Representations ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Contrast Detection ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Visual Cortical ◽  
Higher Visual Areas ◽  
Distinct Role

SummaryCortical parallel processing streams segregate many diverse features of a sensory scene. However, some features are distributed across streams, begging the question of whether and how such distributed representations contribute to perception. We determined the necessity of primary visual cortex (V1) and three key higher visual areas (LM, AL and PM) for perception of orientation and contrast, two features that are robustly encoded across all four areas. Suppressing V1, LM or AL decreased sensitivity for both orientation discrimination and contrast detection, consistent with a role for these areas in sensory perception. In comparison, suppressing PM selectively increased false alarm rates during contrast detection, without any effect on orientation discrimination. This effect was not retinotopically-specific, suggesting a distinct role for PM in the regulation of noise during decision-making. Thus, we find that distributed representations in the visual system can nonetheless support specialized perceptual roles for higher visual cortical areas.

Interocular Transfer of Expansion, Rotation, and Translation Motion Aftereffects

Perception ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1197-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicki Steiner ◽  
Randolph Blake ◽  
David Rose
Keyword(s):  
Interocular Transfer ◽  
Motion Aftereffect ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Translation Motion ◽  
Random Dot Patterns ◽  
Visual Cortical ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Motion Aftereffects ◽  
Higher Visual Areas

The motion aftereffect demonstrates the existence of direction-selective mechanisms in the visual system. However, direction-selective cells exist within many visual areas, including V1 and MT/V5. Can motion aftereffects be generated within each of these areas? In visual cortical areas beyond V1 almost all cells are binocular, whereas a smaller percentage are binocular in V1. The degree of binocularity can be revealed psychophysically by assessing interocular transfer. Interocular transfer of motion aftereffects generated from expanding, rotating, and translating dynamic random-dot patterns were therefore compared, since these stimuli should activate cells in higher visual areas selectively. Partial interocular transfer was found that was greater for expansion and rotation than for translation. The results support the involvement of higher visual areas in motion aftereffects to complex animation sequences.

scholarly journals The Flip Tilt Illusion: Visible in Peripheral Vision as Predicted by the Central-Peripheral Dichotomy

i-Perception ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 204166952093840
Author(s):  
Li Zhaoping
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Peripheral Vision ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Central Visual Field ◽  
Tilt Illusion ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Vertically Aligned ◽  
Visual Cortical ◽  
Higher Visual Areas

Consider a gray field comprising pairs of vertically aligned dots; in each pair, one dot is white the other black. When viewed in a peripheral visual field, these pairs appear horizontally aligned. By the Central-Peripheral Dichotomy, this flip tilt illusion arises because top-down feedback from higher to lower visual cortical areas is too weak or absent in the periphery to veto confounded feedforward signals from the primary visual cortex (V1). The white and black dots in each pair activate, respectively, on and off subfields of V1 neural receptive fields. However, the sub-fields’ orientations, and the preferred orientations, of the most activated neurons are orthogonal to the dot alignment. Hence, V1 reports the flip tilt to higher visual areas. Top-down feedback vetoes such misleading reports, but only in the central visual field.

scholarly journals Biological variation in the sizes, shapes and locations of visual cortical areas in the mouse

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Waters ◽  
Eric Lee ◽  
Nathalie Gaudreault ◽  
Fiona Griffin ◽  
Jerome Lecoq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Biological Variation ◽  
Measurement Noise ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Retinotopic Maps ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Visual Cortical ◽  
Cortical Visual Areas ◽  
Processing Of Visual Information

ABSTRACTVisual cortex is organized into discrete sub-regions or areas that are arranged into a hierarchy and serve different functions in the processing of visual information. In our previous work, we noted that retinotopic maps of cortical visual areas differed between mice, but did not quantify these differences or determine the relative contributions of biological variation and measurement noise. Here we quantify the biological variation in the size, shape and locations of 11 visual areas in the mouse. We find that there is substantial biological variation in the sizes of visual areas, with some visual areas varying in size by two-fold across the population of mice.

scholarly journals Cortical and thalamic connectivity of occipital visual cortical areas 17, 18, 19 and 21 of the domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo).

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh-Anne Dell ◽  
Giorgio M Innocenti ◽  
Claus C Hilgetag ◽  
Paul R Manger
Keyword(s):  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Dorsal Stream ◽  
Mustela Putorius ◽  
Cortical Connectivity ◽  
Ipsilateral Hemisphere ◽  
Dorsal Thalamus ◽  
Visual Thalamus ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Visual Cortical

The present study describes the ipsilateral and contralateral cortico-cortical and cortico-thalamic connectivity of the occipital visual areas 17,18, 19 and 21 in the ferret using standard anatomical tract-tracing methods. In line with previous studies of mammalian visual cortex connectivity, substantially more anterograde and retrograde label was present in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the injection site compared to the contralateral hemisphere. Ipsilateral reciprocal connectivity was the strongest within the occipital visual areas, while weaker connectivity strength was observed in the temporal, suprasylvian and parietal visual areas. Callosal connectivity tended to be strongest in the homotopic cortical areas, and revealed a similar areal distribution to that observed in the ipsilateral hemisphere, although often less widespread across cortical areas. Ipsilateral reciprocal connectivity was observed throughout the visual nuclei of the dorsal thalamus, with no contralateral connections to the visual thalamus being observed. The current study, along with previous studies of connectivity in the cat, identified the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian visual area (PMLS) as a distinct network hub external to the occipital visual areas in carnivores, implicating PMLS as a potential gateway to the parietal cortex for dorsal stream processing. These data will also contribute to the Ferretome (www.ferretome.org), a macro connectome database of the ferret brain, providing essential data for connectomics analyses and cross-species analyses of connectomes and brain connectivity matrices, as well as providing data relevant to additional studies of cortical connectivity across mammals and the evolution of cortical connectivity variation.

Location, architecture, and retinotopy of the anteromedial lateral suprasylvian visual area (AMLS) of the ferret (Mustela putorius)

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL R. MANGER ◽  
GERHARD ENGLER ◽  
CHRISTIAN K.E. MOLL ◽  
ANDREAS K. ENGEL
Keyword(s):  
Visual Area ◽  
Domestic Cat ◽  
Lower Visual Field ◽  
Mustela Putorius ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Architectural Features ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Retinotopic Organization ◽  
Visual Cortical ◽  
Cortical Visual Areas

The present paper describes the results of architectural and electrophysiological mapping observations of the medial bank of the suprasylvian sulcus of the ferret immediately caudal to somatosensory regions. The aim was to determine if the ferret possessed a homologous cortical area to the anteromedial lateral suprasylvian visual area (AMLS) of the domestic cat. We studied the architectural features and visuotopic organization of a region that we now consider to be a homologue to the cat AMLS. This area showed a distinct architecture and retinotopic organization. The retinotopic map was complex in nature with a bias towards representation of the lower visual field. These features indicate that the region described here as AMLS in the ferret is indeed a direct homologue of the previously described cat AMLS and forms part of a hierarchy of cortical areas processing motion in the ferret visual cortex. With the results of the present study and those of earlier studies a total of twelve cortical visual areas have been determined presently for the ferret, all of which appear to have direct homologues with visual cortical areas in the cat (which has a total of eighteen areas).

Combined Activation and Deactivation of Visual Cortex During Tactile Sensory Processing

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 1633-1641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lotfi B. Merabet ◽  
Jascha D. Swisher ◽  
Stephanie A. McMains ◽  
Mark A. Halko ◽  
Amir Amedi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Cortical Hierarchy ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Visual Cortical ◽  
Higher Visual Areas ◽  
Significant Activation

The involvement of occipital cortex in sensory processing is not restricted solely to the visual modality. Tactile processing has been shown to modulate higher-order visual and multisensory integration areas in sighted as well as visually deprived subjects; however, the extent of involvement of early visual cortical areas remains unclear. To investigate this issue, we employed functional magnetic resonance imaging in normally sighted, briefly blindfolded subjects with well-defined visuotopic borders as they tactually explored and rated raised-dot patterns. Tactile task performance resulted in significant activation in primary visual cortex (V1) and deactivation of extrastriate cortical regions V2, V3, V3A, and hV4 with greater deactivation in dorsal subregions and higher visual areas. These results suggest that tactile processing affects occipital cortex via two distinct pathways: a suppressive top-down pathway descending through the visual cortical hierarchy and an excitatory pathway arising from outside the visual cortical hierarchy that drives area V1 directly.

The nature of the boundary between cortical visual areas II and III in the cat

1977 ◽  
Vol 199 (1136) ◽  
pp. 445-462 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Horizontal Meridian ◽  
Vertical Meridian ◽  
Reversal Point ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Primate Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Cortical ◽  
Cortical Visual Areas

The representation of the visual field in the second and third visual cortical areas (V II and V III) of the cat was examined by microelectrode recording. The position of the field maps and the arrangement of the map within V II were found to vary greatly from one cat to another so that no single composite map can be made. The horizontal meridian of the visual field was found to run laterally and forward from V I across V II to V III. The reversal of field sequence, which indicates the V II/V III boundary, was very variable both from cat to cat and in the same cat for points above and below the horizontal meridian. The commonest situation was one in which the reversal point was 40° for some lines of latitude, but for others the reversal point was only 6- 15° out. This means an ‘island’ of representation of points 40° out was bounded by areas of representation much closer to the vertical meridian. In some cats one ‘island’ was plotted, in one there were two completely plotted and in others there were two ‘islands’, one complete, one incompletely plotted. In one cat no ‘island’ was found, and the boundary between V II and V III seemed to be formed anteriorly and posteriorly by the vertical (longitudinal) meridian 20° out. The islands contain many units with markedly elongated receptive fields whose particular function is not yet clear. The arrangement of the V II/V III boundary found in these experiments is compared to that previously suggested and to present knowledge of the mapping in primate visual cortex.

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