scholarly journals Regulation of vocal precision by local noradrenergic modulation of a motor nucleus

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M Glaze ◽  
Christina B Castelino ◽  
Steve P Bibu ◽  
Elvina Yau ◽  
Marc F Schmidt

ABSTRACTRecent theories of norepinephrine (NE) function suggest that NE modulates the transition between stereotyped, goal-directed behavior and more variable exploratory behaviors that facilitate learning and adaptation. We provide evidence for context dependent switching by NE that is analogous to this explore/exploit strategy in the vocal system of the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Stimulation of the locus coeruleus, the major source of norepinephrine in the brain, decreases song trial-to-trial variability transforming the variable, exploratory “undirected” song into song that resembles the more stereotyped, exploitative “directed” song males sing to females. This behavioral switch is mediated by NE acting directly on a cortical motor nucleus that integrates inputs from a premotor cortical nucleus and a basal ganglia circuit necessary for vocal motor learning. These findings suggest that norepinephrine can act directly on the motor system to influence the transition between exploratory and exploitative behavioral strategies.

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (4) ◽  
pp. E609-E616 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. Kuo ◽  
J. H. Hsieh ◽  
W. C. Wu ◽  
H. T. Horng ◽  
L. R. Shian ◽  
...  

In 65 cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose and urethane, the effects of insulin on cardiovascular responses to stimulation of various structures in the brain stem were studied. The threshold dose of insulin injected intravenously that produced systemic hypoglycemia was 5-10 U/kg. Subthreshold hypoglycemic doses of insulin were used intracerebroventricularly (0.25 U/kg) or intracerebrally (2 mU in 200 nl). Sixty minutes after intravenous insulin, when serum glucose concentrations decreased from 158 to 43 mg/100 ml, pressor responses to stimulation of the periaqueductal gray of midbrain (PAG), locus coeruleus (LC), dorsal medulla (DM), ventrolateral medulla (VLM), and parvocellular reticular nucleus (PVC) decreased significantly. Depressor and bradycardiac response to stimulation of paramedian reticular nucleus or dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (DMV) decreased significantly as well. Thirty minutes after intracerebroventricular insulin, pressor responses of PAG, DM, and the bradycardiac response of DMV decreased significantly. Thirty minutes after intracerebral insulin, pressor responses and renal nerve activities of LC (but not PAG), VLM, DM, and PVC decreased significantly. A similar but faster onset (5 min) of depression of cardiovascular responses on stimulating the LC, VLM, DM, and PVC was observed in another six acutely midcollicular-decerebrate cats recovered from halothane anesthesia. These findings suggest that insulin directly inhibits the vasomotor structures of the brain stem and decreases the pressor responses to stimulation.


1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (4) ◽  
pp. F520-F529 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Y. Chen ◽  
S. D. Wang ◽  
C. L. Cheng ◽  
J. S. Kuo ◽  
W. C. De Groat ◽  
...  

To investigate the interaction between cardiovascular (CV)-reactive areas in the brain stem and urinary bladder (UB) motility, 48 adult cats of either sex were anesthetized intraperitoneally with alpha-chloralose (40 mg/kg) and urethan (400 mg/kg). The changes of UB motility and systemic arterial blood pressure (SAP) were produced by microinjection of sodium glutamate (0.5 M, 100-200 nl) into the pressor, depressor, or vagobradycardiac areas of the brain stem. Stimulation of these CV-reactive areas increased or decreased UB motility. Areas that produced an increase in UB motility listed in decreasing order of effectiveness are locus ceruleus-parabrachial nucleus in the pons, dorsal medulla, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, and ventrolateral medulla. Areas eliciting a decrease in UB motility listed in decreasing order are gigantocellular tegmental field, parvocellular reticular nucleus, and ambiguus nucleus. Stimulation of other pressor sites in medulla also increased UB motility. Activation of the paramedian reticular nucleus, which consistently produced depressor responses, and activation of raphe nuclei, which produced depressor or pressor responses, consistently decreased UB motility. The integrity of the vagus nerve was not essential for the UB response to brain stimulation. These findings indicate that neuronal mechanisms for controlling UB and CV functions coexist at many sites in the brain stem. At those sites that commonly produce changes in UB motility, the type of UB response (excitation or inhibition) was in the same direction as the change of SAP. However, at some sites responses were inverse. It is not known whether the responses of the UB and CV system are controlled by common or separate populations of neurons at these sites.


2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 458-470
Author(s):  
Zachary P. Sheldon ◽  
Christina B. Castelino ◽  
Christopher M. Glaze ◽  
Steve P. Bibu ◽  
Elvina Yau ◽  
...  

Norepinephrine (NE) function is often implicated in regulating arousal levels. Recent theory suggests that the noradrenergic system also regulates the optimization of behavior with respect to reward maximization by controlling a switch between exploration and exploitation of the specific actions that yield greatest utility. We show in the songbird that NE can act directly on a cortical motor area and cause a switch between exploratory and exploitative behavior.


1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 923-924
Author(s):  
MADGE E. SCHEIBEL ◽  
ARNOLD B. SCHEIBEL

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-249
Author(s):  
Yoshiaki Omura

While a visiting Professor at the University of Paris, VI (formerly Sorvonne) more than 40 years ago, the Author became very good friends with Dr. Paul Nogier who periodically gave seminars and workshops in Paris. After the author diagnosed his cervical problem & offered him simple help, Dr. Nogier asked the Author to present lectures and demonstrations on the effects of ear stimulation, namely the effects of acupuncture & electrical stimulation of the ear lobules. It is only now, in 2019 that we have discovered 2–5 minute high frequency stimulation of the ear lobule inhibits cancer activity for 1– 4 hours post stimulation. Although the procedure is extremely simple. First take optimal dose of Vitamin D3, which has the most essential 10 unique beneficial factors required for every human cell activity. Next, apply high frequency stimulation to ear lobule while the worst ear lobule is held by all fingers with vibrator directly touching the surface of the worst ear lobule, preferably after patient repeatedly takes optimal dose of Vitamin D3. When the worst ear lobule is held between thumb & index fingers and applying mechanical stimulation of 250 ~ 500 mechanical vibration/second for 2 ~ 5 minutes using an electrical vibrator, there is rapid disappearance of cancer activity in both the brain and rest of the body for short time duration 1 ~ 4 hours. The effect often increases by additional pressure by holding fingers. As of May 2019, the Author found that many people from various regions of the world developed early stages of multiple cancers. For evaluation of this study, U. S. patented Bi-Digital O-Ring Test (BDORT) was used which was developed by the Author while doing his Graduate experimental physics research at Colombia University. BDORT was found to be most essential for determining the beneficial effects as well as harmful effects of any substance or treatment. Using BDORT, Author was the first to recognize severe increasing mid-backache was an early sign of pancreatic cancer of President of New York State Board of Medicine after top pain specialists failed to detect the cause after 3 years of effort, while the BDORT showed early stages of cancer whereas conventional X-Ray of the pancreas did not show any cancer image until 2 months after Author detected with BDORT. For example, the optimal dose of the banana is usually about 2.0 - 2.5 millimeters cross section of the banana. A whole banana is more than 50 ~ 100 times the optimal dose. Any substance eaten in more than 25 times of its optimal dose becomes highly toxic and creates DNA mutations which can cause multiple malignancies in the presence of strong electro-magnetic field. With standard medication given by doctor, patients often become sick and they are unable to reduce body weight, unless medication is reduced or completely stopped. When the amount of zinc is very high, DNA often becomes unstable and multiple cancers can grow rapidly in the presence of strong electromagnetic field. Large amount of Vitamin C from regular orange or orange juice inhibit the most important Vitamin D3 effects. At least 3 kinds of low Vitamin C oranges will not inhibit Vitamin D3. Since B12 particularly methyl cobalamin which is a red small tablet is known to improve brain circulation very significantly we examined its effect within 20 seconds of oral intake we found the following very significant changes. Acetylcholine in both sides of the brain often increases over 4,500 ng. Longevity gene Sirtuin 1 level increases significantly for short time of few hours. Thymosin α1 and Thymosinβ4 both increase to over 1500 ng from 20 ng or less.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo Reymão Moreira ◽  
Ana Carolina Musa Gonçalves Uberti ◽  
Antonio Rafael Quadros Gomes ◽  
Michelli Erica Souza Ferreira ◽  
Aline da Silva Barbosa ◽  
...  

AbstractThe present study aimed to evaluate the effects of dexamethasone on the redox status, parasitemia evolution, and survival rate of Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Two-hundred and twenty-five mice were infected with Plasmodium berghei and subjected to stimulation or inhibition of NO synthesis. The stimulation of NO synthesis was performed through the administration of L-arginine, while its inhibition was made by the administration of dexamethasone. Inducible NO synthase (iNOS) inhibition by dexamethasone promoted an increase in the survival rate of P. berghei-infected mice, and the data suggested the participation of oxidative stress in the brain as a result of plasmodial infection, as well as the inhibition of brain NO synthesis, which promoted the survival rate of almost 90% of the animals until the 15th day of infection, with possible direct interference of ischemia and reperfusion syndrome, as seen by increased levels of uric acid. Inhibition of brain iNOS by dexamethasone caused a decrease in parasitemia and increased the survival rate of infected animals, suggesting that NO synthesis may stimulate a series of compensatory redox effects that, if overstimulated, may be responsible for the onset of severe forms of malaria.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 759
Author(s):  
Karen P. Briski ◽  
Mostafa M. H. Ibrahim ◽  
A. S. M. Hasan Mahmood ◽  
Ayed A. Alshamrani

The catecholamine norepinephrine (NE) links hindbrain metabolic-sensory neurons with key glucostatic control structures in the brain, including the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN). In the brain, the glycogen reserve is maintained within the astrocyte cell compartment as an alternative energy source to blood-derived glucose. VMN astrocytes are direct targets for metabolic stimulus-driven noradrenergic signaling due to their adrenergic receptor expression (AR). The current review discusses recent affirmative evidence that neuro-metabolic stability in the VMN may be shaped by NE influence on astrocyte glycogen metabolism and glycogen-derived substrate fuel supply. Noradrenergic modulation of estrogen receptor (ER) control of VMN glycogen phosphorylase (GP) isoform expression supports the interaction of catecholamine and estradiol signals in shaping the physiological stimulus-specific control of astrocyte glycogen mobilization. Sex-dimorphic NE control of glycogen synthase and GP brain versus muscle type proteins may be due, in part, to the dissimilar noradrenergic governance of astrocyte AR and ER variant profiles in males versus females. Forthcoming advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanistic framework for catecholamine stimulus integration with other regulatory inputs to VMN astrocytes will undoubtedly reveal useful new molecular targets in each sex for glycogen mediated defense of neuronal metabolic equilibrium during neuro-glucopenia.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document