scholarly journals Enhanced deviant responses in patterned relative to random sound sequences

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosy Southwell ◽  
Maria Chait
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Automatic Processing ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Visual Task ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Temporal Pole ◽  
Incoming Information ◽  
Preceding Context

AbstractHow are brain responses to deviant events affected by the statistics of the preceding context? We recorded electroencephalography (EEG) brain responses to frequency deviants in matched, regularly-patterned (REG) versus random (RAND) tone-pip sequences. Listeners were naïve and distracted by an incidental visual task. Stimuli were very rapid so as to limit conscious reasoning about the sequence order and tap automatic processing of regularity.Deviants within REG sequences evoked a substantially larger response (by 71%) than matched deviants in RAND sequences from 80 ms after deviant onset. This effect was underpinned by distinct sources in right temporal pole and orbitofrontal cortex in addition to the standard bilateral temporal and right pre-frontal network for generic frequency deviance-detection. These findings demonstrate that the human brain rapidly acquires a detailed representation of regularities within the sensory input and evaluates incoming information according to the context established by the specific pattern.

scholarly journals How sustainable are different levels of consciousness?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Johan Wiersma
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Global Workspace ◽  
Incoming Information ◽  
Theoretical Paper ◽  
Conscious Processing ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Global Workspace Theory

The human brain processes a wide variety of inputs and does so either consciously or subconsciously. According to the Global Workspace theory, conscious processing involves broadcasting of information to several regions of the brain and subconscious processing involves more localized processing. This theoretical paper aims to expand on some of the aspects of the Global Workspace theory: how the properties of incoming information result in it being processed subconsciously or consciously; why processing can be either be sustained or short-lived; how the Global Workspace theory may apply both to real-time sensory input as well as to internally retained information. This paper proposes that: familiar input which does not elicit intense emotions becomes processed subconsciously and such processing can be continuous and sustained; input that elicits relatively intense emotions is subjected to highly sustainable conscious processing; input can also undergo meta-conscious processing. Such processing is not very sustainable but can exert control over other cognitive processes. This paper also discusses possible benefits of regulating cognitive processes this way.

The Orbitofrontal Cortex

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund T. Rolls
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Animal Behaviour ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Undergraduate Level ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

The book will be valuable for those in the fields of neuroscience, neurology, psychology, psychiatry, biology, animal behaviour, economics, and philosophy, from the undergraduate level upwards. The book is unique in providing a coherent multidisciplinary approach to understanding the functions of one of the most interesting regions of the human brain, in both health and in disease, including depression, bipolar disorder, autism, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. There is no competing book published in the last 10 years.

scholarly journals The Right Hemisphere Is Responsible for the Greatest Differences in Human Brain Response to High-Arousing Emotional versus Neutral Stimuli: A MEG Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 960
Author(s):  
Mina Kheirkhah ◽  
Philipp Baumbach ◽  
Lutz Leistritz ◽  
Otto W. Witte ◽  
Martin Walter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Brain Response ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
The Right ◽  
Healthy Participants

Studies investigating human brain response to emotional stimuli—particularly high-arousing versus neutral stimuli—have obtained inconsistent results. The present study was the first to combine magnetoencephalography (MEG) with the bootstrapping method to examine the whole brain and identify the cortical regions involved in this differential response. Seventeen healthy participants (11 females, aged 19 to 33 years; mean age, 26.9 years) were presented with high-arousing emotional (pleasant and unpleasant) and neutral pictures, and their brain responses were measured using MEG. When random resampling bootstrapping was performed for each participant, the greatest differences between high-arousing emotional and neutral stimuli during M300 (270–320 ms) were found to occur in the right temporo-parietal region. This finding was observed in response to both pleasant and unpleasant stimuli. The results, which may be more robust than previous studies because of bootstrapping and examination of the whole brain, reinforce the essential role of the right hemisphere in emotion processing.

An Improved LBP Blockwise Method for Face Recognition

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 45-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikhil Kumar ◽  
Sunny Behal
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Face Recognition ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Digital Image Processing ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Automatic Processing ◽  
Image Databases ◽  
Similar Kind

Face recognition is considered as one of toughest and most crucial leading domains of digital image processing. The human brain also uses a similar kind of technique for face recognition. When scrutinizing a face, the human brain signifies the result. Aside from AN automatic processing system, this technique is very sophisticated, owing to the image variations on account of the picture varieties in as far as area, size, articulation, and stance. In this article, the authors have used the options of native binary pattern and uniform native binary pattern for face recognition. They compute a number of classifiers on publicly available benchmarked ORL image databases to validate the proposed approach. The results clearly show that the proposed LBP-piece shrewd strategy has outperformed the traditional LBP system.

Contrasting Human Brain Responses to Literature Descriptions of Nature and to Technical Instructions

2018 ◽  
pp. 284-290
Author(s):  
Vadim L. Ushakov ◽  
Vyacheslav A. Orlov ◽  
Sergey I. Kartashov ◽  
Denis G. Malakhov ◽  
Anastasia N. Korosteleva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Technical Instructions

scholarly journals Effects of compassion training on brain responses to suffering others

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoni K. Ashar ◽  
Jessica R. Andrews-Hanna ◽  
Joan Halifax ◽  
Sona Dimidjian ◽  
Tor D. Wager
Keyword(s):  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Smartphone Application ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Placebo Condition ◽  
Demand Characteristics ◽  
Compassion Meditation ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Author Note ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
Research Assistants

AbstractWhat are the active ingredients and brain mechanisms of compassion training? To address these questions, we conducted a three-armed randomized trial (N = 57) of compassion meditation (CM). We compared a four-week CM program delivered by smartphone application to i) a placebo condition, in which participants inhaled sham oxytocin, which they were told would enhance compassion, and ii) a familiarity control condition, designed to control for increased familiarity with suffering others. Functional MRI was collected while participants listened to narratives describing suffering others at pre- and post-intervention. CM increased brain responses to suffering others in the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) relative to both the placebo and familiarity control conditions, and in the nucleus accumbens relative to the familiarity control condition. Results support the specific efficacy of CM beyond effects of expectancy, demand characteristics, and increased familiarity with suffering others, and implicate affective and motivational pathways as brain mechanisms of CM.Author NoteFunded by the John Templeton Foundation’s Positive Neuroscience project (PIs Wager and Dimidjian), with additional support from NIH R01 R01DA035484 (PI Wager). Gratitude to research assistants Jenifer Mutari, Robin Kay, Scott Meyers, Nicholas Peterson, and Brandin Williams for help with data collection.

scholarly journals Valuation of knowledge and ignorance in mesolimbic reward circuitry

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (31) ◽  
pp. E7255-E7264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline J. Charpentier ◽  
Ethan S. Bromberg-Martin ◽  
Tali Sharot
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Neural Coding ◽  
Basic Feature ◽  
Neural Computation ◽  
Reward Circuitry ◽  
General Preference ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Suboptimal Behavior

The pursuit of knowledge is a basic feature of human nature. However, in domains ranging from health to finance people sometimes choose to remain ignorant. Here, we show that valence is central to the process by which the human brain evaluates the opportunity to gain information, explaining why knowledge may not always be preferred. We reveal that the mesolimbic reward circuitry selectively treats the opportunity to gain knowledge about future favorable outcomes, but not unfavorable outcomes, as if it has positive utility. This neural coding predicts participants’ tendency to choose knowledge about future desirable outcomes more often than undesirable ones, and to choose ignorance about future undesirable outcomes more often than desirable ones. Strikingly, participants are willing to pay both for knowledge and ignorance as a function of the expected valence of knowledge. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), however, responds to the opportunity to receive knowledge over ignorance regardless of the valence of the information. Connectivity between the OFC and mesolimbic circuitry could contribute to a general preference for knowledge that is also modulated by valence. Our findings characterize the importance of valence in information seeking and its underlying neural computation. This mechanism could lead to suboptimal behavior, such as when people reject medical screenings or monitor investments more during bull than bear markets.

Magnetic and electrical responses of the human brain to texture-defined form and to textons

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 1167-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Regan ◽  
P. He
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Magnetic Response ◽  
Evoked Responses ◽  
Local Orientation ◽  
Brain Response ◽  
Check Size ◽  
Texture Discrimination ◽  
Texture Pattern ◽  
Brain Responses

1. We searched for a neurophysical correlate of preattentive texture discrimination by recording magnetic and electric evoked responses from the human brain during the first few hundred milliseconds following the presentation of texture-defined (TD) checkerboard form. The only two textons that changed when the TD checkerboard appeared or disappeared were the local orientation and line termination textons. (Textons are conspicuous local features within a texture pattern). 2. Our evidence that the magnetic response to TD form cannot be explained in terms of responses to the two associated textons is as follows: 1) by dissociating the two responses we showed that the magnetic response to TD form is almost entirely independent of the magnetic response to the local orientation texton; 2) a further distinction between the two responses is that their distributions over the head are different; and 3) the magnetic response to TD form differs from the magnetic response to the line termination texton in both distribution over the head and waveform. We conclude that this evidence identifies the existence of a brain response correlate of preattentive texture discrimination. 3. We also recorded brain responses to luminance-defined (LD) checkerboard form. Our grounds for concluding that magnetic brain responses to the onset of checkerboard form are generated by different and independent neural systems for TD and LD form are as follows: 1) magnetic responses to the onset of TD form and LD form had different distributions over the skull, had different waveforms, and depended differently on check size; and 2) the waveform of the response to superimposed TD and LD checks closely approximated the linear sum of responses to TD checks and LD checks alone. 4. One possible explanation for the observed differences between the magnetic and electric evoked responses is that responses to both onset and offset of TD form predominantly involve neurons aligned parallel to the skull, whereas that is not the case for responses to LD form.

scholarly journals Speech perception at birth: The brain encodes fast and slow temporal information

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (30) ◽  
pp. eaba7830
Author(s):  
Laurianne Cabrera ◽  
Judit Gervain
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Speech Perception ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Acoustic Cues ◽  
Language Experience ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
The Brain

Speech perception is constrained by auditory processing. Although at birth infants have an immature auditory system and limited language experience, they show remarkable speech perception skills. To assess neonates’ ability to process the complex acoustic cues of speech, we combined near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and electroencephalography (EEG) to measure brain responses to syllables differing in consonants. The syllables were presented in three conditions preserving (i) original temporal modulations of speech [both amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM)], (ii) both fast and slow AM, but not FM, or (iii) only the slowest AM (<8 Hz). EEG responses indicate that neonates can encode consonants in all conditions, even without the fast temporal modulations, similarly to adults. Yet, the fast and slow AM activate different neural areas, as shown by NIRS. Thus, the immature human brain is already able to decompose the acoustic components of speech, laying the foundations of language learning.

scholarly journals Human Brain Responses to Concomitant Stimulation of A  and C Nociceptors

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (34) ◽  
pp. 11439-11451 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Hu ◽  
M. M. Cai ◽  
P. Xiao ◽  
F. Luo ◽  
G. D. Iannetti
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Stimulation Of
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