scholarly journals Hypoxia in the grape berry linked to mesocarp cell death: the role of seed respiration and lenticels on the berry pedicel

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeyu Xiao ◽  
Suzy Rogiers ◽  
Victor Sadras ◽  
Stephen D. Tyerman
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Micro Sensor ◽  
Seed Respiration

AbstractMesocarp cell death (CD) during ripening is common in berries of seeded Vitis vinifera L wine cultivars. We examined if hypoxia within berries is linked to CD. Internal oxygen concentration ([O2]) across the mesocarp was measured in berries from Chardonnay and Shiraz, both seeded, and Ruby Seedless, using an oxygen micro-sensor. Steep [O2] gradients were observed across the skin and [O2] decreased toward the middle of the mesocarp. As ripening progressed the minimum [O2] approached zero in the seeded cultivars and correlated to CD. Seed respiration was a large proportion of total berry respiration early in ripening but did not account for O2 deficiency late in ripening. [O2] increased towards the central axis corresponding to the presence of air spaces visualised using x-ray microCT. These connect to lenticels on the pedicel that were critical for berry O2 uptake as a function of temperature, and when blocked caused anoxia in the berry, ethanol accumulation and CD. Lenticel area on Chardonnay pedicels was higher than that for Shiraz probably accounting for the lower sensitivity of Chardonnay berry CD to high temperatures. The implications of hypoxia in grape berries are discussed in terms of its role in ripening and berry water relations.HighlightGrape berry internal oxygen concentration is dependent upon lenticels on the pedicel and cultivar differences in lenticels may account for temperature sensitivity of cell death in the mesocarp.

scholarly journals Hypoxia in grape berries: the role of seed respiration and lenticels on the berry pedicel and the possible link to cell death

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 2071-2083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeyu Xiao ◽  
Suzy Y Rogiers ◽  
Victor O Sadras ◽  
Stephen D Tyerman
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Seed Respiration

Cloning and expression of two plasma membrane aquaporins expressed during the ripening of grape berry

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Picaud ◽  
Frédéric Becq ◽  
Fabienne Dédaldéchamp ◽  
Agnès Ageorges ◽  
Serge Delrot
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Xenopus Oocytes ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Cloning And Expression ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Urea Uptake

The ripening of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berry is accompanied by dramatic accumulation of sugars and water. Two full-length clones and several partial clones encoding plasma membrane aquaporins (PIP) were cloned from grape berries collected at the beginning of ripening. Based on their sequences, on a phylogenetic analysis and on functional properties, both clones, called VvPIP1a and VvPIP1b were assigned to the PIP1 subfamily. RNA gel blot studies with berries at various stages of development indicated that VvPIP expression was highest at stages following veraison. Injection of Xenopus oocytes with VvPIP1a cRNA induced a moderate increase of water permeability and a large increase in glycerol permeability, whereas injection with VvPIP1b cRNA did not affect these permeabilities. Injection of VvPIP1a cRNA, but not VvPIP1b cRNA, inhibited urea uptake by the oocyte, and this inhibition was sensitive to HgCl2. The data are discussed in relation with the potential role of aquaporins in fruit physiology.

scholarly journals STUDIES OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
V.S. Vaschilin ◽  
Egor Krivonozhko
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Magnetron Sputtering ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Glass Substrate ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Vacuum Annealing ◽  
Anatase Phase ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Nonstoichiometric Oxides

TiOх coatings are obtained by magnetron sputtering on a glass substrate, followed by vacuum photonic annealing to modify the coatings. Absolutely all samples obtained in the process of magnetron sputtering contained nonstoichiometric phases in their composition, and different O2 concentrations in plasma corresponded, in general, to different nonstoichiometric oxides, which may indicate the preferable formation of different TiO2 phases through different nonstoichiometric phases. It has been shown that with an increase in the oxygen concentration in the magnetron plasma, the structure of the coatings changes from amorphous to anatase-rutile (with a predominance of anatase). X-ray studies of the obtained samples of coatings have been carried out, which establish the role of oxygen in the crystallization of TiOx coatings, the effect of vacuum photon annealing on the formation of the anatase phase. It has been established that thermal treatment by photonic vacuum annealing at sufficiently low temperatures (350 ° C) promotes the recrystallization of all phases present in the coating into anatase phase.

scholarly journals Altered Light Interception Reduces Grape Berry Weight and Modulates Organic Acid Biosynthesis During Development

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 957-961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth DeBolt ◽  
Renata Ristic ◽  
Patrick G. Iland ◽  
Christopher M. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Berry Weight ◽  
Berry Size ◽  
Organic Acid Content

The response of grape berries at a cellular level to environmental change was explored with particular emphasis on physiological changes such as weight, sugar content, and the biosynthesis of organic acids. Three levels of light were used: highly exposed, moderately exposed, and light-excluding boxes (1% ambient with no change in temperature effect). Berry weight was significantly lower in light-excluding boxes than in exposed bunch treatments. Organic acid content and berry development were followed throughout the growing season. Light exclusion resulted in a significant reduction of both tartaric acid and oxalic acid compared with highly exposed fruit, suggesting that in this experiment, light irradiance influenced accumulation of these metabolites. In contrast, malic acid was broken down postveraison at a dramatically slower rate in light exclusion treatments. The sink properties of grape berries appear to change according to the light received by the bunch. These data imply that cluster shading significantly reduced berry size and suggest the role of organic acids as osmotica.

scholarly journals Morphoanatomical Symptomatology and Osmotic Behavior of Grape Berry Shrivel

2012 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhaskar Bondada ◽  
Markus Keller
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Seed Morphology ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Physiological Disorder ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Osmotic Behavior

Berry shrivel, a physiological disorder, adversely affects ripening of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries; however, its causes are unknown. We adopted a holistic approach to elucidate symptomatology, morphoanatomy, and osmotic behavior of grape berry shrivel. Berries from healthy and afflicted vines were analyzed compositionally and with various techniques of microscopy. Healthy berries developed all physical and compositional attributes desirable for wine-making. Conversely, berry shrivel berries were grossly metamorphosed manifested as shriveling of the pericarp, which paralleled with loss of membrane competence in the mesocarp cells causing its collapse and a loss of brush. The most intriguing observation was the presence of non-druse crystals. These berries had high osmotic potential (ψS) as a result of low accumulations of sugar and potassium. Nonetheless, the seed morphology, structure, and viability were similar to healthy seeds. Berry shrivel grotesquely modified grape berries both compositionally and structurally, which was paralleled by their inability to accumulate sugars followed by cell death in the mesocarp. Although the mechanisms of berry shrivel remain uncertain, our study provides valuable background information for generating suitable guidelines to minimize the incidences of berry shrivel and also to design future studies toward unraveling the mechanistic basis of berry shrivel.

scholarly journals Metabolites changes after pre-bloom gibberellic acid (GA3) application for inducing seedless grape

Plant Omics ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 94-103
Author(s):  
Sung Min Jung ◽  
Youn Young Hur
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Dehydroascorbic Acid ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Seedless Grape ◽  
Early Flower ◽  
Sampling Times

Gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment is a useful method for inducing seedless grape berries in the seeded grape bunch before flowering. In this work, we applied 100 ppm of GA3 on ‘Tamnara’ grape flower cluster at 14 days before flowering to find metabolites significantly related to seedlessness. Three bunches of grape flower samples were collected at nine different stages (Day before full bloom; DBF13, 10, 7, 5, 2, flowering (0) and day after full bloom; DAF 2, 5, 9). Metabolites of each collected sample were analyzed using GC-MS with derivatization method (MSTFA). Metabolite contents of GA3 treatment flower were compared with non-treated controls in all stages and analyzed using Partial least squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA). As a result, five sampling times (DBF 13, 10, 2, 0, DAF 9) showed significance differences using GA3 treatments. Total of 13 metabolites were recognized to relate to differences in five specific sampling times and mainly affected the initial stages (DBF 13 and 10). Tartaric acid, D-glucose, phosphoric acid, and D-mannose, inositol were increased by GA3 treatment at the early-flower developing stage. Dehydroascorbic acid, caffeic acid, citric acid, and gluconic acid were mainly increased at the time of GA3 treatment but decreased approaching full bloom. All stages of GA3 treatment, L-glutamine, L-serine, and D-allose was decreased, but fructose increased. In particular, the metabolite contents before GA3 treatment provides new clues on the role of GA3 in the early stage of grape berry development

Digital x-ray mapping of nanometer-size supported bimetallic catalysts

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 530-531
Author(s):  
L. T. Germinario
Keyword(s):  
Background Radiation ◽  
Metal Cluster ◽  
Single Element ◽  
Beam Diameter ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Major Interest ◽  
Induced Changes

Understanding the role of metal cluster composition in determining catalytic selectivity and activity is of major interest in heterogeneous catalysis. The electron microscope is well established as a powerful tool for ultrastructural and compositional characterization of support and catalyst. Because the spatial resolution of x-ray microanalysis is defined by the smallest beam diameter into which the required number of electrons can be focused, the dedicated STEM with FEG is the instrument of choice. The main sources of errors in energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDS) are: (1) beam-induced changes in specimen composition, (2) specimen drift, (3) instrumental factors which produce background radiation, and (4) basic statistical limitations which result in the detection of a finite number of x-ray photons. Digital beam techniques have been described for supported single-element metal clusters with spatial resolutions of about 10 nm. However, the detection of spurious characteristic x-rays away from catalyst particles produced images requiring several image processing steps.

The role of silicon in forages: A quantitative X-Ray study

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 416-417
Author(s):  
Janet H. Woodward ◽  
D. E. Akin
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Acetate Buffer ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Sodium Acetate Buffer ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Percent Composition

Silicon (Si) is distributed throughout plant tissues, but its role in forages has not been clarified. Although Si has been suggested as an antiquality factor which limits the digestibility of structural carbohydrates, other research indicates that its presence in plants does not affect digestibility. We employed x-ray microanalysis to evaluate Si as an antiquality factor at specific sites of two cultivars of bermuda grass (Cynodon dactvlon (L.) Pers.). “Coastal” and “Tifton-78” were chosen for this study because previous work in our lab has shown that, although these two grasses are similar ultrastructurally, they differ in in vitro dry matter digestibility and in percent composition of Si.Two millimeter leaf sections of Tifton-7 8 (Tift-7 8) and Coastal (CBG) were incubated for 72 hr in 2.5% (w/v) cellulase in 0.05 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0. For controls, sections were incubated in the sodium acetate buffer or were not treated.

Pathophysiological function of the mitochondria as a calcium reservoir: Quantitative x-ray microanalysis

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-165
Author(s):  
K. Teraoka ◽  
N. Kaneko ◽  
Y. Horikawa ◽  
T. Uchida ◽  
R. Matsuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bolus Injection ◽  
Contact Method ◽  
X Ray

The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of the mitochondria as a store of calcium(Ca) under the condition of pathophysiological Ca overload induced by a rise in extracellular Ca concentration and the administration of isoproterenol.Eight rats were employed, and hearts were perfused as in the Langendorff method with Krebs-Henseleit solution gassed with 95% O2 and 5% CO2. Tow specimens were perfused with 2mM Ca for 30 min, and 2 were perfused with 5.5 mM Ca for 20 min. 4 specimens were perfused with 2 mM Ca for 5 min, and of these 4, 2 were infused with 10-7 mM/kg/min. isoproterenol for 5 min, and 2 were given a bolus injection of 3 x 10-7 mM isoproterenol. After rapid-cryofixation by the metal-mirror contact method with a Reichert-Jung KF80/MM80, and cryosectioning at -160 to -180° C with a Reichert-Jung Ultracut Fc-4E, ultrathin specimens (100nm) were free-ze-dreid for several hours at 10-5 Torr in the JEOL FD 7000, and mitochondrial Ca was determined by quantitative x-ray micranalysis (JEOL 1200EX, LINK AN 10000S).

Ionic homeostasis and subcellular element compartmentation

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-151
Author(s):  
Ann LeFurgey ◽  
Peter Ingram ◽  
J.J. Blum ◽  
M.C. Carney ◽  
L.A. Hawkey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Ionic Homeostasis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Cell Compartments ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Role Of Zn

Subcellular compartments commonly identified and analyzed by high resolution electron probe x-ray microanalysis (EPXMA) include mitochondria, cytoplasm and endoplasmic or sarcoplasmic reticulum. These organelles and cell regions are of primary importance in regulation of cell ionic homeostasis. Correlative structural-functional studies, based on the static probe method of EPXMA combined with biochemical and electrophysiological techniques, have focused on the role of these organelles, for example, in maintaining cell calcium homeostasis or in control of excitation-contraction coupling. New methods of real time quantitative x-ray imaging permit simultaneous examination of multiple cell compartments, especially those areas for which both membrane transport properties and element content are less well defined, e.g. nuclei including euchromatin and heterochromatin, lysosomes, mucous granules, storage vacuoles, microvilli. Investigations currently in progress have examined the role of Zn-containing polyphosphate vacuoles in the metabolism of Leishmania major, the distribution of Na, K, S and other elements during anoxia in kidney cell nuclel and lysosomes; the content and distribution of S and Ca in mucous granules of cystic fibrosis (CF) nasal epithelia; the uptake of cationic probes by mltochondria in cultured heart ceils; and the junctional sarcoplasmic retlculum (JSR) in frog skeletal muscle.

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