scholarly journals Inactivation of posterior but not anterior dorsomedial caudate-putamen impedes learning with self-administered nicotine stimulus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher L. Robison ◽  
Theodore Kazan ◽  
Rikki Miller ◽  
Nicole Cova ◽  
Sergios Charntikov
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Neural Structure ◽  
Caudate Putamen ◽  
Appetitive Learning ◽  
Nicotine Administration ◽  
Functional Involvement ◽  
Goal Tracking ◽  
Tracking Response

ABSTRACTThe rodent caudate-putamen is a large heterogeneous neural structure with distinct anatomical connections that differ in their control of learning processes. Previous research suggests that the anterior and posterior dorsomedial caudate-putamen (a- and p-dmCPu) differentially regulate associative learning with a non-contingent nicotine stimulus. The current study used bilateral NMDA-induced excitotoxic lesions to the a-dmCPu and p-dmCPu to determine the functional involvement of a-dmCPu and p-dmCPu in appetitive learning with contingent nicotine stimulus. Rats with a-dmCPu, p-dmCPu, or sham lesions were trained to lever-press for intravenous nicotine (0.03 mg/kg/inf) followed by access to sucrose 30 s later. After 1, 3, 9, and 20 nicotine-sucrose training sessions, appetitive learning in the form of a goal-tracking response was assessed using a non-contingent nicotine-alone test. All rats acquired nicotine self-administration and learned to retrieve sucrose from a receptacle at equal rates. However, rats with lesions to p-dmCPu demonstrated blunted learning of the nicotine-sucrose association. Our primary findings show that rats with lesions to p-dmCPu had a blunted goal-tracking response to a non-contingent nicotine administration after 20 consecutive days of nicotine-sucrose pairing. Our findings extend previous reports to a contingent model of nicotine self-administration and show that p-dmCPu is involved in associative learning with nicotine stimulus using a paradigm where rats voluntarily self-administer nicotine infusions that are paired with access to sucrose—a paradigm that closely resembles learning processes observed in humans.

scholarly journals The Kamin Blocking Effect in Sign and Goal Trackers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayank Aggarwal ◽  
Jeffery R. Wickens
Keyword(s):  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Associative Learning ◽  
Blocking Effect ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Temporal Contiguity ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Parallel Learning ◽  
Auditory Cue ◽  
Goal Tracking

AbstractThe discovery of the Kamin blocking effect suggested that surprise or prediction errors are necessary for associative learning. This suggestion led to the development of a new theoretical framework for associative learning relying on prediction error rather than just temporal contiguity between events. However, many recent studies have failed to replicate the blocking effect, questioning the central role of blocking in associative learning theory. Here, we test the expression of Kamin blocking in rats that either approach and interact with the conditioned cue (sign trackers) or approach and interact with the reward location (goal trackers) during appetitive classical conditioning. The behavioral task involved three phases: classical conditioning of a lever cue, conditioning of a compound of the lever cue plus an auditory cue, and testing response to presentation of the auditory cue in extinction. The results show that only sign trackers express the blocking effect. Thus, groups that include goal trackers are less likely to be able to replicate the blocking effect. Our findings support the idea that sign and goal tracking responses arise as a result of distinct parallel learning processes. Psychological theories of learning that incorporate these parallel learning processes and their interactions will provide a better framework for understanding the blocking effect and related associative learning phenomena.

scholarly journals Immunosuppressive and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Nicotine Administered by Patch in an Animal Model

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roma Kalra ◽  
Shashi P. Singh ◽  
Juan C. Pena-Philippides ◽  
Raymond J. Langley ◽  
Seddigheh Razani-Boroujerdi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Nicotine Patch ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Nicotine Administration ◽  
Nicotine Patches ◽  
Immunological Effects

ABSTRACT To study the immunological effects of nicotine, there are several rodent models for chronic nicotine administration. These models include subcutaneously implanted miniosmotic pumps, nicotine-spiked drinking water, and self-administration via jugular cannulae. Administration of nicotine via these routes affects the immune system. Smokers frequently use nicotine patches to quit smoking, and the immunological effects of nicotine patches are largely unknown. To determine whether the nicotine patch affects the immune system, nicotine patches were affixed daily onto the backs of Lewis rats for 3 to 4 weeks. The patches efficiently raised the levels of nicotine and cotinine in serum and strongly inhibited the antibody-forming cell response of spleen cells to sheep red blood cells. The nicotine patch also suppressed the concanavalin A-induced T-cell proliferation and mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ by spleen cells, as well as the fever response of animals to subcutaneous administration of turpentine. Moreover, immunosuppression was associated with chronic activation of protein tyrosine kinase and phospholipase C-γ1 activities. Thus, in this animal model of nicotine administration, the nicotine patch efficiently raises the levels of nicotine and cotinine in serum and impairs both the immune and inflammatory responses.

Modulation of a Na/K electrogenic pump as new molecular mechanism underlying non-associative learning processes in invertebrates

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 (SUPPLEMENT 1) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
M Garcia-Gil ◽  
R Mozzachiodi ◽  
R Scuri ◽  
M L Zaccardi ◽  
M Brunelli
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Electrogenic Pump

scholarly journals Genesis and Maintenance of Attentional Biases: The Role of the Locus Coeruleus-Noradrenaline System

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mana R. Ehlers ◽  
Rebecca M. Todd
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Locus Coeruleus ◽  
Associative Learning ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Associative Processes ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Attentional Tuning ◽  
Pharmacological Manipulations

Emotionally arousing events are typically better remembered than mundane ones, in part because emotionally relevant aspects of our environment are prioritized in attention. Such biased attentional tuning is itself the result of associative processes through which we learn affective and motivational relevance of cues. We propose that the locus coeruleus-noradrenaline (LC-NA) system plays an important role in the genesis of attentional biases through associative learning processes as well as their maintenance. We further propose that individual differences in and disruptions of the LC-NA system underlie the development of maladaptive biases linked to psychopathology. We provide support for the proposed role of the LC-NA system by first reviewing work on attentional biases in development and its link to psychopathology in relation to alterations and individual differences in NA availability. We focus on pharmacological manipulations to demonstrate the effect of a disrupted system as well as theADRA2bpolymorphism as a tool to investigate naturally occurring differences in NA availability. We next review associative learning processes that—modulated by the LC-NA system—result in such implicit attentional biases. Further, we demonstrate how NA may influence aversive and appetitive conditioning linked to anxiety disorders as well as addiction and depression.

Stimulus Generalization in Two Associative Learning Processes.

2004 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 626-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stijn M. J. van Osselaer ◽  
Chris Janiszewski ◽  
Marcus Cunha
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Stimulus Generalization

scholarly journals Does learning history shape the associability of outcomes? Further tests of the outcome predictability effect

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243434
Author(s):  
Wei Liu ◽  
Evan J. Livesey ◽  
Harald Lachnit ◽  
Hilary J. Don ◽  
Anna Thorwart
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Training Phase ◽  
Initial Training ◽  
Learning History ◽  
Predictive Learning ◽  
Subsequent Phase ◽  
Goal Tracking ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

In recent years, several studies of human predictive learning demonstrated better learning about outcomes that have previously been experienced as consistently predictable compared to outcomes previously experienced as less predictable, namely the outcome predictability effect. As this effect may have wide-reaching implications for current theories of associative learning, the present study aimed to examine the generality of the effect with a human goal-tracking paradigm, employing three different designs to manipulate the predictability of outcomes in an initial training phase. In contrast to the previous studies, learning in a subsequent phase, when every outcome was equally predictable by novel cues, was not reliably affected by the outcomes’ predictability in the first phase. This lack of an outcome predictability effect provides insights into the parameters of the effect and its underlying mechanisms.

scholarly journals Biological and artificial cognition: what can we learn about mechanisms by modelling physical cognition problems using artificial intelligence planning techniques?

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1603) ◽  
pp. 2723-2732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackie Chappell ◽  
Nick Hawes
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Associative Learning ◽  
Animal Cognition ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Simulation Environment ◽  
Physical Cognition ◽  
Planning Techniques ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Planning ◽  
Simple Set ◽  
Complex Forms

Do we fully understand the structure of the problems we present to our subjects in experiments on animal cognition, and the information required to solve them? While we currently have a good understanding of the behavioural and neurobiological mechanisms underlying associative learning processes, we understand much less about the mechanisms underlying more complex forms of cognition in animals. In this study, we present a proposal for a new way of thinking about animal cognition experiments. We describe a process in which a physical cognition task domain can be decomposed into its component parts, and models constructed to represent both the causal events of the domain and the information available to the agent. We then implement a simple set of models, using the planning language MAPL within the MAPSIM simulation environment, and applying it to a puzzle tube task previously presented to orangutans. We discuss the results of the models and compare them with the results from the experiments with orangutans, describing the advantages of this approach, and the ways in which it could be extended.

Self-administration of neurokinin substance P into the ventromedial caudate-putamen in rats

Neuroscience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 1093-1101 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Krappmann ◽  
R.U. Hasenöhrl ◽  
C. Frisch ◽  
J.P. Huston
Keyword(s):  
Substance P ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Caudate Putamen
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