scholarly journals COVID-19 outbreak response: a first assessment of mobility changes in Italy following national lockdown

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuele Pepe ◽  
Paolo Bajardi ◽  
Laetitia Gauvin ◽  
Filippo Privitera ◽  
Brennan Lake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
National Level ◽  
Average Degree ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Radius Of Gyration ◽  
Outbreak Response ◽  
Large Scale Dataset ◽  
Italian Provinces ◽  
The Impact

AbstractItaly is currently experiencing the largest COVID-19 outbreak in Europe so far, with more than 100,000 confirmed cases. Following the identification of the first infections, on February 21, 2020, national authorities have put in place an increasing number of restrictions aimed at containing the outbreak and delaying the epidemic peak. Since March 12, the whole country is under lockdown. Here we provide the first quantitative assessment of the impact of such measures on the mobility and the spatial proximity of Italians, through the analysis of a large-scale dataset on de-identified, geo-located smartphone users. With respect to pre-outbreak averages, we estimate a reduction of 50% of the total trips between Italian provinces, following the lockdown. In the same week, the average users’ radius of gyration has declined by about 50% and the average degree of the users’ proximity network has dropped by 47% at national level.

HOME VISITS DURING THE FIRST MONTH OF DELIVERY FOR RECENTLY DELIVERED WOMEN IN UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1183-1189
Author(s):  
Dr. Tridibesh Tripathy ◽  
Dr. Umakant Prusty ◽  
Dr. Chintamani Nayak ◽  
Dr. Rakesh Dwivedi ◽  
Dr. Mohini Gautam
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
National Level ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
The Other ◽  
Registration System ◽  
Action Group ◽  
Current Article ◽  
The Impact

The current article of Uttar Pradesh (UP) is about the ASHAs who are the daughters-in-law of a family that resides in the same community that they serve as the grassroots health worker since 2005 when the NRHM was introduced in the Empowered Action Group (EAG) states. UP is one such Empowered Action Group (EAG) state. The current study explores the actual responses of Recently Delivered Women (RDW) on their visits during the first month of their recent delivery. From the catchment area of each of the 250 ASHAs, two RDWs were selected who had a child in the age group of 3 to 6 months during the survey. The response profiles of the RDWs on the post- delivery first month visits are dwelled upon to evolve a picture representing the entire state of UP. The relevance of the study assumes significance as detailed data on the modalities of postnatal visits are available but not exclusively for the first month period of their recent delivery. The details of the post-delivery first month period related visits are not available even in large scale surveys like National Family Health Survey 4 done in 2015-16. The current study gives an insight in to these visits with a five-point approach i.e. type of personnel doing the visit, frequency of the visits, visits done in a particular week from among those four weeks separately for the three visits separately. The current study is basically regarding the summary of this Penta approach for the post- delivery one-month period.     The first month period after each delivery deals with 70% of the time of the postnatal period & the entire neonatal period. Therefore, it does impact the Maternal Mortality Rate & Ratio (MMR) & the Neonatal Mortality Rates (NMR) in India and especially in UP through the unsafe Maternal & Neonatal practices in the first month period after delivery. The current MM Rate of UP is 20.1 & MM Ratio is 216 whereas the MM ratio is 122 in India (SRS, 2019). The Sample Registration System (SRS) report also mentions that the Life Time Risk (LTR) of a woman in pregnancy is 0.7% which is the highest in the nation (SRS, 2019). This means it is very risky to give birth in UP in comparison to other regions in the country (SRS, 2019). This risk is at the peak in the first month period after each delivery. Similarly, the current NMR in India is 23 per 1000 livebirths (UNIGME,2018). As NMR data is not available separately for states, the national level data also hold good for the states and that’s how for the state of UP as well. These mortalities are the impact indicators and such indicators can be reduced through long drawn processes that includes effective and timely visits to RDWs especially in the first month period after delivery. This would help in making their post-natal & neonatal stage safe. This is the area of post-delivery first month visit profile detailing that the current article helps in popping out in relation to the recent delivery of the respondents.   A total of four districts of Uttar Pradesh were selected purposively for the study and the data collection was conducted in the villages of the respective districts with the help of a pre-tested structured interview schedule with both close-ended and open-ended questions.  The current article deals with five close ended questions with options, two for the type of personnel & frequency while the other three are for each of the three visits in the first month after the recent delivery of respondents. In addition, in-depth interviews were also conducted amongst the RDWs and a total 500 respondents had participated in the study.   Among the districts related to this article, the results showed that ASHA was the type of personnel who did the majority of visits in all the four districts. On the other hand, 25-40% of RDWs in all the 4 districts replied that they did not receive any visit within the first month of their recent delivery. Regarding frequency, most of the RDWs in all the 4 districts received 1-2 times visits by ASHAs.   Regarding the first visit, it was found that the ASHAs of Barabanki and Gonda visited less percentage of RDWs in the first week after delivery. Similarly, the second visit revealed that about 1.2% RDWs in Banda district could not recall about the visit. Further on the second visit, the RDWs responded that most of them in 3 districts except Gonda district did receive the second postnatal visit in 7-15 days after their recent delivery. Less than half of RDWs in Barabanki district & just more than half of RDWs in Gonda district received the third visit in 15-21 days period after delivery. For the same period, the majority of RDWs in the rest two districts responded that they had been entertained through a home visit.

scholarly journals Building Damage Detection Using U-Net with Attention Mechanism from Pre- and Post-Disaster Remote Sensing Datasets

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 905
Author(s):  
Chuyi Wu ◽  
Feng Zhang ◽  
Junshi Xia ◽  
Yichen Xu ◽  
Guoqing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Damage Assessment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Binary Classification ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Building Damage ◽  
Attention Mechanism ◽  
Large Scale Dataset ◽  
Data Program ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Post Disaster

The building damage status is vital to plan rescue and reconstruction after a disaster and is also hard to detect and judge its level. Most existing studies focus on binary classification, and the attention of the model is distracted. In this study, we proposed a Siamese neural network that can localize and classify damaged buildings at one time. The main parts of this network are a variety of attention U-Nets using different backbones. The attention mechanism enables the network to pay more attention to the effective features and channels, so as to reduce the impact of useless features. We train them using the xBD dataset, which is a large-scale dataset for the advancement of building damage assessment, and compare their result balanced F (F1) scores. The score demonstrates that the performance of SEresNeXt with an attention mechanism gives the best performance, with the F1 score reaching 0.787. To improve the accuracy, we fused the results and got the best overall F1 score of 0.792. To verify the transferability and robustness of the model, we selected the dataset on the Maxar Open Data Program of two recent disasters to investigate the performance. By visual comparison, the results show that our model is robust and transferable.

Railway fuel and its impact on the forests in colonial India: The case of the Punjab, 1860–1884

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 1283-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
PALLAVI V. DAS
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
National Level ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
Railway Line ◽  
State Response ◽  
The Impact

AbstractRecent studies have stressed the need for micro-histories of the environment so that important differences and similarities at local, regional and national level might be revealed. This paper analyses the process and patterns of environmental degradation at regional level by taking the case of deforestation in colonial Punjab by studying its implication at the level of empire. More specifically, it examines three aspects of how the operation and expansion of railways from 1869 to 1884, a peak period of railway expansion, affected the forests of the Punjab's plains. First, the paper analyses the reasons for large-scale railway expansion in the Punjab by discussing spatial and temporal expansion. Secondly, the impact of the railway firewood demand on the Punjab's forests between 1860 and 1884 is examined, specifically, the conditions that facilitated the increased dependence of the railways on firewood. Next follows an examination of the temporally varying nature of deforestation, given that railway firewood demand was determined by railway line openings. This section also includes a discussion on the nature of the colonial state response to the deforestation crisis and its role in maintaining the fuel supply to the railways. Finally, in the context of deforestation in the Punjab, the paper discusses how and why railway fuel changed from firewood to coal.

scholarly journals Boosting Career and Employability Outcomes Through Multiple Learning Abroad Experiences

2021 ◽  
pp. 102831532110527
Author(s):  
Davina Potts ◽  
Jeongeun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Conventional Wisdom ◽  
Program Participation ◽  
Career Outcomes ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Large Scale Dataset ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Australian Universities

While participation in learning abroad has increased rapidly over the last decade, short-term programs played an important role in boosting participation and widening access to learning abroad. The current study takes advantage of a new pattern of participation in learning abroad to examine self-reported career outcomes and employability development benefits based on program duration and the number of programs undertaken. Using a large-scale dataset of graduates of Australian universities, the study challenges conventional wisdom that a longer experience is better and explores the impact of multiple short-term program participation as a new intervention in graduate career outcomes. Although this study is based on the Australian higher education context, the results may be informative to educators and policy-makers from countries with comparable learning abroad programs in considering how short-term programs can be used more purposefully to foster positive careers and employability outcomes.

scholarly journals INTERPRETING LARGE SCALE NATIONAL LEVEL ASSESSMENT DATA IN MATHEMATICS BY USING RASCH ANALYSIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 457
Author(s):  
Pāvels Pestovs ◽  
Dace Namsone
Keyword(s):  
Student Achievement ◽  
General Education ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
National Level ◽  
School Level ◽  
Minimum Level ◽  
Assessment Data ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Improve Student Achievement ◽  
The Impact

Latvia is undergoing a nation-wide curriculum reform in general education, with an aim to help students to develop 21st century skills. In order to successfully implement reform, not only teacher performance in the classroom is important, but also the transformation of the school culture is of high priority. One of the key dimensions that is characteristic for a school as learning organization culture is whether it has data-driven culture and is using data on continuous basis to improve student achievement. Large scale national level assessment data is used for many different purposes, however, this data only rarely is recognised as useful data source for planning actions to improve student achievement at school level. Authors argue that in different grades average performance of students cannot be compared in a meaningful way to develop action plan and evaluate the impact of the initiatives at the school level. It is based on the issues rising from varying difficulty level of the tests and different skills, which are being assessed. The study design is based on in-depth analysis of items of large-scale national level assessment in mathematics, defining minimum level of competency of mathematics and calculating percentage of students in school with minimum level of competence in a cohort. This analysis is conveyed for the students of 3rd, 6th and 9th grade by using Rasch model, thus allowing to effectively monitor the student performance during the general education and use of data to make informed decisions.  

'Paris rules' will drive global climate progress

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
National Level ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Peer Pressure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
Growth Prospects ◽  
The Impact

Significance COP22 has been dubbed "the COP of action, adaptation and Africa". It is a key opportunity to build confidence in the system of global cooperation adopted at the Paris Climate Conference. The Paris meeting ushered in a new framework for cooperation on climate change based on voluntary emissions reductions targets that will be jointly reviewed every five years. Negotiators gathering in Marrakech for COP22 face the task of making the Paris Agreement work -- and delivering results on a sufficiently large scale. Impacts Cooperation under the Paris framework will help reduce climate change effects, though overshooting of the 2 degree target is inevitable. The Paris deal's reliance on peer pressure and self-policing will risk national-level backsliding during the implementation process. Actions taken in the next ten years will determine the impact of climate change on global growth prospects for the whole of this century.

scholarly journals Progress in reducing child mortality and stunting in India: an application of the Lives Saved Tool

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 667-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Alderman ◽  
Phuong Hong Nguyen ◽  
Purnima Menon
Keyword(s):  
Child Mortality ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Intervention Coverage ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Efficacy Trials ◽  
Lives Saved Tool ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The Lives Saved Tool (LiST) has been used to estimate the impact of scaling up intervention coverage on undernutrition and mortality. Evidence for the model is largely based on efficacy trials, raising concerns of applicability to large-scale contexts. We modelled the impact of scaling up health programs in India between 2006 and 2016 and compared estimates to observed changes. Demographics, intervention coverage and nutritional status were obtained from National Family and Health Survey 2005–6 (NFHS-3) for the base year and NHFS-4 2015–16 for the endline. We used the LiST to estimate the impact of changes in coverage of interventions over this decade on child mortality and undernutrition at national and subnational levels and calculated the gap between estimated and observed changes in 2016. At the national level, the LiST estimates are close to the actual values of mortality for children <1 year and <5 years in 2016 (at 41 vs 42.6 and 50 vs 56.4, respectively, per 1000 live births). National estimates for stunting, wasting and anaemia at are also close to the actual values of NFHS-4. At the state level, actual changes were higher than the changes from the LiST projections for both mortality and stunting. The predicted changes using the LiST ranged from 33% to 92% of the actual change. The LiST provided national projections close to, albeit slightly below, actual performance over a decade. Reasons for poorer performance of state-specific projections are unknown; further refinements to the LiST for subnational use would improve the usefulness of the tool.

scholarly journals Driving digital health transformation in hospitals: a formative qualitative evaluation of the English Global Digital Exemplar programme

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. e100429
Author(s):  
Marta Krasuska ◽  
Robin Williams ◽  
Aziz Sheikh ◽  
Bryony Franklin ◽  
Susan Hinder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Health Informatics ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Digital Health ◽  
National Level ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Sociotechnical Theory ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundThere is currently a strong drive internationally towards creating digitally advanced healthcare systems through coordinated efforts at a national level. The English Global Digital Exemplar (GDE) programme is a large-scale national health information technology change programme aiming to promote digitally-enabled transformation in secondary healthcare provider organisations by supporting relatively digitally mature provider organisations to become international centres of excellence.AimTo qualitatively evaluate the impact of the GDE programme in promoting digital transformation in provider organisations that took part in the programme.MethodsWe conducted a series of in-depth case studies in 12 purposively selected provider organisations and a further 24 wider case studies of the remaining organisations participating in the GDE programme. Data collected included 628 interviews, non-participant observations of 190 meetings and workshops and analysis of 9 documents. We used thematic analysis aided by NVivo software and drew on sociotechnical theory to analyse the data.ResultsWe found the GDE programme accelerated digital transformation within participating provider organisations. This acceleration was triggered by: (1) dedicated funding and the associated requirement for matched internal funding, which in turn helped to prioritise digital transformation locally; (2) governance requirements put in place by the programme that helped strengthen existing local governance and project management structures and supported the emergence of a cadre of clinical health informatics leaders locally; and (3) reputational benefits associated with being recognised as a centre of digital excellence, which facilitated organisational buy-in for digital transformation and increased negotiating power with vendors.ConclusionThe GDE programme has been successful in accelerating digital transformation in participating provider organisations. Large-scale digital transformation programmes in healthcare can stimulate local progress through protected funding, putting in place governance structures and leveraging reputational benefits for participating provider organisations, around a coherent vision of transformation.

scholarly journals The Impact of Social Capital on FDI in Georgia

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Natia Aghladze
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Financial Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
National Level ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Scale Level ◽  
The Impact

FDI brings capital, innovation exchanges and new employments and administration aptitude. In numerous nations, FDI inflow is lower than anticipated. In spite of the inclination for more extensive large scale level examinations of the particular social developments inside which financial exercises happen, a considerable measure of national-level investigations of the determinants of outside contributed firms have given careful consideration to the parts played by social capital and its unexpected incentive in influencing remote direct venture inflows. Drawing on the rationale of social capital and institutional hypothesis, this article looks to offer a correlative clarification of FDI by inspecting experimentally the national-level effects of social capital (trust and affiliated action) on FDI and the directing part of administrative quality in its connections. FDI is the essential part for an open and fruitful global monetary framework and a noteworthy instrument for improvement. In this condition, the paper looks at the advantages of FDI as a key segment for fruitful and feasible financial development and as a piece of a strategy to social change. The point is to feature the most vital channels through which FDI makes a huge and uncommon effect on the monetary advancement of the host nations.

Exploring the influence of human mobility on information spreading in mobile networks

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (06) ◽  
pp. 1650066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhigang Li ◽  
Yan Shi ◽  
Shanzhi Chen
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Radius Of Gyration ◽  
Step Size ◽  
Contact Frequency ◽  
Large Scale Dataset ◽  
Information Spreading

In recent years, the dynamic spread of information has captured researchers’ attention. Therefore, identifying influential spreaders of information has become a fundamental element of information spreading research. Many studies have measured the influence of spreaders by considering the centrality indexes of network topology characteristics, such as degree, betweenness and closeness centrality. Additionally, some works have identified influential spreaders by analyzing human mobility characteristics such as contact frequency, contact time and inter-contact time. In this paper, we mainly explore the influence of the step size and radius of gyration on information spreading. Using a real and large-scale dataset of human mobility, we apply the susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model to investigate the spread of information. The simulation result shows that the influence of information spreading does not increase with the increase in the step size or radius of gyration of spreaders. Instead, both the step size and radius of gyration have a great influence on the spread of information when they are near the median value. Regardless of whether they have a large or small value, their influence on the spread of information is small. Therefore, the step size and radius of gyration of spreaders can be used to control or guide the spread of information.

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