scholarly journals Structural Priming Is Supported By Different Components Of Non-Declarative Memory: Evidence From Priming Across The Lifespan

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelien Heyselaar ◽  
Linda Wheeldon ◽  
Katrien Segaert
Keyword(s):  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Experimental Session ◽  
Structural Priming ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Conceptual Memory ◽  
And Performance

AbstractStructural priming is the tendency to repeat syntactic structure across sentences and can be divided into short-term (prime to immediately following target) and long-term (across an experimental session) components. This study investigates how non-declarative memory could support both the transient, short-term and the persistent, long-term structural priming effects commonly seen in the literature. We propose that these characteristics are supported by different subcomponents of non-declarative memory: Perceptual and conceptual non-declarative memory respectively. Previous studies have suggested that these subcomponents age differently, with only conceptual memory showing age-related decline. By investigating how different components of structural priming vary across the lifespan, we aim to elucidate how non-declarative memory supports two seemingly different components of structural priming. In 167 participants ranging between 20 and 85 years old, we find no change in short-term priming magnitude and performance on perceptual tasks, whereas both long-term priming and conceptual memory vary with age. We suggest therefore that the two seemingly different components of structural priming are supported by different components of non-declarative memory. These findings have important implications for theoretical accounts of structural priming.

scholarly journals A Multivariate Assessment of Age-Related Cognitive Impairment in Octodon degus

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela S. Rivera ◽  
Carolina B. Lindsay ◽  
Carolina A. Oliva ◽  
Francisco Bozinovic ◽  
Nibaldo C. Inestrosa
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Natural Aging ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Barnes Maze ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Dependent

Aging is a progressive functional decline characterized by a gradual deterioration in physiological function and behavior. The most important age-related change in cognitive function is decline in cognitive performance (i.e., the processing or transformation of information to make decisions that includes speed of processing, working memory, and learning). The purpose of this study is to outline the changes in age-related cognitive performance (i.e., short-term recognition memory and long-term learning and memory) in long-lived Octodon degus. The strong similarity between degus and humans in social, metabolic, biochemical, and cognitive aspects makes it a unique animal model for exploring the mechanisms underlying the behavioral and cognitive deficits related to natural aging. In this study, we examined young adult female degus (12- and 24-months-old) and aged female degus (38-, 56-, and 75-months-old) that were exposed to a battery of cognitive-behavioral tests. Multivariate analyses of data from the Social Interaction test or Novel Object/Local Recognition (to measure short-term recognition memory), and the Barnes maze test (to measure long-term learning and memory) revealed a consistent pattern. Young animals formed a separate group of aged degus for both short- and long-term memories. The association between the first component of the principal component analysis (PCA) from short-term memory with the first component of the PCA from long-term memory showed a significant negative correlation. This suggests age-dependent differences in both memories, with the aged degus having higher values of long-term memory ability but poor short-term recognition memory, whereas in the young degus an opposite pattern was found. Approximately 5% of the young and 80% of the aged degus showed an impaired short-term recognition memory; whereas for long-term memory about 32% of the young degus and 57% of the aged degus showed decreased performance on the Barnes maze test. Throughout this study, we outlined age-dependent cognitive performance decline during natural aging in degus. Moreover, we also demonstrated that the use of a multivariate approach let us explore and visualize complex behavioral variables, and identified specific behavioral patterns that allowed us to make powerful conclusions that will facilitate further the study on the biology of aging. In addition, this study could help predict the onset of the aging process based on behavioral performance.

scholarly journals Capital Structure and Firm Performance: Evidence from Malaysian Public Listed Plantation Companies

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-142
Author(s):  
Kim Foong Jee ◽  
Jia En Joanne Ngui ◽  
Pei Pei Jessica Poh ◽  
Wai Loon Chan ◽  
Yet Siang Wong
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Capital Structure ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Firm Growth ◽  
Control Variable ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Total Debt ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact

This paper examines the relationship between capital structure and performance of firms. The study is confined to plantation sector companies in Malaysia and is based on a sample of 39 firms which listed in Bursa Malaysia for the period from 2009 to 2019. This study uses two performance measures which are ROA and ROE as the dependent variable. Besides, the capital structure measures are the short-term debt, long-term debt, total debt and firm growth, which as the independent variables. Size will be the control variable in this study. Moreover, a fixed-effect panel regression analysis has been used to analyse the impact of capital structure on firm performance. The results indicate that firm performance, which is in term of ROA, have an insignificant relationship with short-term debt (STD) and long-term debt (LTD). For the total debt (TD) and growth, there is a significant relationship with ROA. However, for the performance measured by ROE, it has an insignificant relationship with short-term debt (STD), long-term debt (LTD) and total debt (TD). Furthermore, there is a significant relationship between the growth and the performance firms from plantation sector in Malaysia.

scholarly journals Vegetated Target Decorrelation in SAR and Interferometry: Models, Simulation, and Performance Evaluation

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 2545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Monti-Guarnieri ◽  
Marco Manzoni ◽  
Davide Giudici ◽  
Andrea Recchia ◽  
Stefano Tebaldini
Keyword(s):  
Formal Method ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Sar Interferometry ◽  
Synthetic Aperture ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Realistic Case ◽  
X Band ◽  
Temporal Decorrelation ◽  
And Performance

The paper addresses the temporal stability of distributed targets, particularly referring to vegetation, to evaluate the degradation affecting synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging and repeat-pass interferometry, and provide efficient SAR simulation schemes for generating big dataset from wide areas. The models that are mostly adopted in literature are critically reviewed, and aim to study decorrelation in a range of time (from hours to days), of interest for long-term SAR, such as ground-based or geosynchronous, or repeat-pass SAR interferometry. It is shown that none of them explicitly account for a decorrelation occurring in the short-term. An explanation is provided, and a novel temporal decorrelation model is proposed to account for that fast decorrelation. A formal method is developed to evaluate the performance of SAR focusing, and interferometry on a homogenous, stationary scene, in terms of Signal-to-Clutter Ratio (SCR), and interferometric coherence. Finally, an efficient implementation of an SAR simulator capable of handling the realistic case of heterogeneous decorrelation over a wide area is discussed. Examples are given by assuming two geostationary SAR missions in C and X band.

Effect of Goal Proximity and Goal Specificity on Muscular Endurance Performance: A Replication and Extension

1991 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gershon Tenenbaum ◽  
Saadia Pinchas ◽  
Gabi Elbaz ◽  
Michael Bar-Eli ◽  
Robert Weinberg
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Baseline Period ◽  
Short Term ◽  
School Students ◽  
Goal Specificity ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of the present investigation was to extend the literature on the relationship between goal specificity, goal proximity, and performance by using high school students and attempting to control for the effects of social comparison. Subjects (N=214) in Experiment 1 were randomly assigned to one of five goal-setting conditions: (a) short-term goals, (b) long-term goals, (c) short- plus long-term goals,(d) do-your-best goals, and (e) no goals. After a 3-week baseline period, subjects were tested once a week on the 3-minute sit-up over the course of the 10-week experimental period. Results indicated that the short- plus long-term group exhibited the greatest increase in performance although the short-term and long-term groups also displayed significant improvements. In Experiment 2, a short- plus long-term group was compared against a do-your-best group. Results again revealed a significant improvement in performance for the combination-goal group whereas the do-your-best group did not display any improvement.

scholarly journals Structural priming persists for one month in young adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelien Heyselaar ◽  
Katrien Segaert
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Implicit Learning ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Syntactic Processing ◽  
Learning Theories ◽  
Structural Priming ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Age Related

Implicit learning theories suggest that we update syntactic knowledge based on prior experience (e.g., (Chang et al., 2006). To determine the limits of the extent to which implicit learning can influence syntactic processing, we investigated whether structural priming effects persist up to one month post-exposure, and whether they persist less long in healthy older (compared to younger) adults. We conducted a longitudinal experiment with three sessions: Session A, session B (one week after A), and session C (four weeks after B). For young adults, we found passive priming effects to persist and accumulate across sessions (one week and four weeks). However, for older adults the effects persisted for one week but not four. This suggests that for young adults, who unlike older adults experience no age-related decline in implicit memory, the limit to the duration of structural priming persistence is longer than four weeks. In a second longitudinal experiment with two sessions one-week apart we found that priming in session A affected syntactic processing in a different, independent task in session B, both for young and older adults. Experiment 2 suggests that implicit persistence of the learned syntax is not limited to a specific context or task. Together, our findings give insight into how structural priming can contribute to language change throughout the lifespan, showing that implicit learning is a pervasive and robust mechanism that contributes to syntactic processing.

scholarly journals The Influence of Debt Financing on Firms’ Performance: Empirical Evidence from Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-87
Author(s):  
Yien Yien Lee
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effect Model ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Return On Assets ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Listed Firms ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
Lm Test ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigated the relationship between the listed firms’ debt level and performance in Bursa Malaysia during a five-year period. Based on the results of the Hausman test and Breusch-Pagan LM test, the fixed-effect model is the most appropriate model that used to analyze the panel data of 50 Malaysian listed companies within the property sector from the year 2015 to 2019. The results indicated that the short-term debt (STD) and long-term debt (LTD) have positive and insignificant effects on return on asset (ROA), which means that the increase in the short-term debt and long-term debt will lead to an increase in the return on assets. Besides that, account payables (AP) has a negative and insignificant effect on the profitability of property sector companies. According to the outcome of the Granger Causality test, the return on assets does not affect by the account payables, short-term debt, long-term debt and firm size. There is only one unidirectional causality relationship that proves that short-term debt is affected by long-term debt. Additionally, this study focuses on enhancing the existing empirical knowledge of debt financing's influence on the profitability of the listed firms in the property sector.

scholarly journals High performance leadership in unusually challenging educational circumstances

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Hargreaves ◽  
Alma Harris
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Past Performance ◽  
High Performing ◽  
The Face ◽  
Oecd Pisa ◽  
And Performance

This paper draws on findings from the results of a study of leadership in high performing organizations in three sectors. Organizations were sampled and included on the basis of high performance in relation to no performance, past performance, performance among similar peers and performance in the face of limited resources or challenging circumstances. The paper concentrates on leadership in four schools that met the sample criteria.  It draws connections to explanations of the high performance ofEstoniaon the OECD PISA tests of educational achievement. The article argues that leadership in these four schools that performed above expectations comprised more than a set of competencies. Instead, leadership took the form of a narrative or quest that pursued an inspiring dream with relentless determination; took improvement pathways that were more innovative than comparable peers; built collaboration and community including with competing schools; and connected short-term success to long-term sustainability.

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