scholarly journals Cohort profile: The International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) in sub-Saharan Africa, 2012-2019

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédérique Chammartin ◽  
Cam Ha Dao Ostinelli ◽  
Kathryn Anastos ◽  
Antoine Jaquet ◽  
Ellen Brazier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Loss To Follow Up ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Treat All ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
International Epidemiology

ABSTRACTPurposeThe objectives of the International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) are to (i) evaluate the delivery of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) in children, adolescents and adults in sub-Saharan Africa, (ii) to describe ART regimen effectiveness, durability and tolerability, (iii) to examine HIV-related comorbidities and co-infections, and (iv) to examine the pregnancy- and HIV-related outcomes of women on ART and their infants exposed to HIV or antiretroviral therapy in utero or via breastmilk.ParticipantsIeDEA is organized in four regions (Central, East, Southern and West Africa), with 240 treatment and care sites, six data centres at African, European and US universities, and almost 1.4 million children, adolescents and adult people living with HIV (PLWHIV) enrolled.Findings to dateThe data include socio-demographic characteristics, clinical outcomes, opportunistic events, treatment regimens, clinic visits and laboratory measurements. They have been used to analyse outcomes in people living with HIV-1 or HIV-2 who initiate ART, including determinants of mortality, of switching to second-line and third-line ART, drug resistance, loss to follow-up and the immunological and virological response to different ART regimens. Programme-level estimates of mortality have been corrected for loss to follow-up. We examined the impact of co-infection with hepatitis B and C, and the epidemiology of different cancers and of (multi-drug resistant) tuberculosis, renal disease and of mental illness. The adoption of “Treat All”, making ART available to all PLWHIV regardless of CD4+ cell count or clinical stage was another important research topic.Future plansIeDEA has formulated several research priorities for the “Treat All” era in sub-Saharan Africa. It recently obtained funding to set up sentinel sites where additional data are prospectively collected on cardiometabolic risks factors as well as mental health and liver diseases, and is planning to create a drug resistance database.

scholarly journals International epidemiology databases to evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) in sub-Saharan Africa, 2012–2019

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. e035246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédérique Chammartin ◽  
Cam Ha Dao Ostinelli ◽  
Kathryn Anastos ◽  
Antoine Jaquet ◽  
Ellen Brazier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Loss To Follow Up ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Treat All ◽  
The Impact ◽  
International Epidemiology

PurposeThe objectives of the International epidemiology databases to evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) are to (i) evaluate the delivery of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) in children, adolescents and adults in sub-Saharan Africa, (ii) to describe ART regimen effectiveness, durability and tolerability, (iii) to examine HIV-related comorbidities and coinfections and (iv) to examine the pregnancy-related and HIV-related outcomes of women on ART and their infants exposed to HIV or ART in utero or via breast milk.ParticipantsIeDEA is organised in four regions (Central, East, Southern and West Africa), with 240 treatment and care sites, six data centres at African, European and US universities, and almost 1.4 million children, adolescents and adult people living with HIV (PLWHIV) enrolled.Findings to dateThe data include socio-demographic characteristics, clinical outcomes, opportunistic events, treatment regimens, clinic visits and laboratory measurements. They have been used to analyse outcomes in PLWHIV-1 or PLWHIV-2 who initiate ART, including determinants of mortality, of switching to second-line and third-line ART, drug resistance, loss to follow-up and the immunological and virological response to different ART regimens. Programme-level estimates of mortality have been corrected for loss to follow-up. We examined the impact of coinfection with hepatitis B and C, and the epidemiology of different cancers and of (multidrug resistant) tuberculosis, renal disease and of mental illness. The adoption of ‘Treat All’, making ART available to all PLWHIV regardless of CD4+ cell count or clinical stage was another important research topic.Future plansIeDEA has formulated several research priorities for the ‘Treat All’ era in sub-Saharan Africa. It recently obtained funding to set up sentinel sites where additional data are prospectively collected on cardiometabolic risks factors as well as mental health and liver diseases, and is planning to create a drug resistance database.

scholarly journals Does undernutrition increase the risk of lost to follow-up in adults living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa? Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. e048022
Author(s):  
Animut Alebel ◽  
Daniel Demant ◽  
Pammla Petrucka ◽  
David Sibbritt
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Lost To Follow Up

IntroductionUndernutrition is considered a marker for poor prognosis among people living with HIV (PLHIV), particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where undernutrition and HIV are both highly prevalent. Evidence suggests that undernutrition (body mass index <18.5 kg/m2) is one of the main factors that significantly increases the risk of lost to follow-up (LTFU) in PLHIV. However, primary studies in SSA have reported inconsistent findings on the relationship between undernutrition and LTFU among adults living with HIV. To the best of our knowledge, no systematic review which aimed to summarise the available evidence. Hence, this review aims to determine the pooled effect of undernutrition on LTFU among adults living with HIV in SSA.Methods and analysisPubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and, for grey literature, Google Scholar will be systematically searched to include relevant articles published since 2005. Studies reporting the effect of undernutrition on LTFU in adults living with HIV in SSA will be included. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale will be used for quality assessment. Data from eligible studies will be extracted using a standardised data extraction tool. Heterogeneity between included studies will be assessed using Cochrane Q-test and I2 statistics. The Egger’s and Begg’s tests at a 5% significance level will be used to evaluate publication bias. As heterogeneity is anticipated, the pooled effect size will be estimated using a random-effects model. The final effect size will be reported using the adjusted HR with a 95% CI.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required for a protocol for a systematic review. The results of this systematic review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and will be publicly available.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021277741.

scholarly journals Incidence and predictors of early loss to follow up among patients initiated on protease inhibitor-based second-line antiretroviral therapy in southwestern Uganda

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin Nuwagira ◽  
Boniface A. E. Lumori ◽  
Rose Muhindo ◽  
Michael Kanyesigye ◽  
Abdallah Amir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Protease Inhibitor ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Hiv Care ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Second Line ◽  
Current Increase ◽  
Loss To Follow Up ◽  
Southwestern Uganda

Abstract Background Good adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and retention in care are essential for the effectiveness of an HIV care program. With the current increase in numbers of people living with HIV taking second-line ART in sub-Saharan Africa, there is a need to establish their treatment outcomes and the rate of loss to follow up. In this study, we determined the incidence and predictors of loss to follow up among patients taking second-line ART at an experienced HIV treatment center in southwestern Uganda. Methods This was a retrospective review of an electronic database at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital HIV clinic in southwestern Uganda. Second-line ART included at least two of the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and a boosted protease inhibitor. Loss to follow-up was defined as failure to return to the health facility for care or treatment refill for 180 days or more from the previous visit. After excluding children less than 15 years, we pooled data that included socio-demographic, clinical, and laboratory data for patients who started second-line ART between 2002 and 2017. Multiple imputation was done for variables with missing data. Variables that had a p < 0.05 in unadjusted bivariate analyses were included in a multivariate binomial regression model using a stepwise backward selection procedure to describe the factors that independently predicted loss to follow-up. Results Between 2002 and 2017, 1121 patients had been initiated on second-line ART. We included data from 924 participants and of these, 518 (56.1%) were female, the mean age (SD) was 38.4 (± 10.5) years, and 433 (52.4%) had a CD4 count less than 100 cells/µl at the start of second-line ART. The incidence of loss to follow-up was 26.7 per 100 person-years. Male gender (Adjusted risk ratio (ARR) = 1.8, 95% CI 1.5–2.0) p < 0.001 and anemia ARR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1–1.6) p < 0.001 were strongly associated with loss to follow up. Conclusions There is a high incidence of loss to follow up among patients taking protease-inhibitor based second-line ART at a tertiary HIV center in southwestern Uganda. There is a need to routinely measure hemoglobin during clinic reviews, and establish mechanisms to retain males initiated on second-line ART in care. The association of anemia and loss to follow up needs to be investigated.

scholarly journals Global burden of active smoking among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Boni Maxime Ale ◽  
Franck Amahowe ◽  
Motto Malea Nganda ◽  
Célestin Danwang ◽  
Nelly Njeri Wakaba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Art Adherence ◽  
Active Smoking ◽  
Suboptimal Adherence ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Eastern And Southern Africa ◽  
Living With Hiv

Abstract Background Although the high burden of both active smoking and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is clearly known, the relationship between them is still not well characterized. Therefore, we estimated the global prevalence of active smoking in people living with HIV (PLHIV) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and investigated the association between exposure to active smoking and risk for suboptimal adherence to ART. Main text: We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science to identify articles published until September 19, 2019. Eligible studies reported the prevalence of active smoking in PLHIV on ART or investigated the association between active smoking and ART adherence; or enough data to compute these estimates. We used a random-effects model to pool data and quantified heterogeneity (I2). The global prevalence of active smoking was 36.1% (95% CI: 33.7–37.2; 329 prevalence data; 462 104 participants) with substantial heterogeneity. The prevalence increased with level of country income; from 10.1% (95% CI: 6.8–14.1) in low-income to 45.2% (95% CI: 42.7–47.7) in high-income countries; P < 0.0001. With regards to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) regions, the prevalence was higher in West and Central Europe and North America 45.4% (42.7–48.1) and lowest in the two UNAIDS regions of sub-Saharan Africa: Eastern and Southern Africa 10.7% (95% CI: 7.8–14.0) and West and Central Africa 4.4% (2.9–6.3); P < 0.0001. Globally, we estimated that there were 4 110 669 PLHIV on ART who were active smokers, among which the highest number was from Eastern and Southern Africa (35.9%) followed by Asia and the Pacific (25.9%). Active smoking was significantly associated with suboptimal ART adherence: pooled odds ratio 1.57 (95% CI: 1.37–1.80; I2 = 56.8%; 19 studies; 48 450 participants); even after considering adjusted estimates: 1.67 (95% CI: 1.39–2.01; I2 = 53.0%; 14 studies). Conclusions This study suggests a high prevalence of active smoking in PLHIV on ART and an association between active smoking and ART suboptimal adherence. As such, healthcare providers and policy makers should focus on adopting and implementing tobacco harm reduction strategies in HIV care, especially in sub-Saharan Africa known as epicenter of HIV pandemic with highest number of active tobacco smoking among PLHIV on ART.

Determinants of loss to follow-up among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
Farouq Muhammad Dayyab ◽  
Fahad Mukhtar ◽  
Garba Iliyasu ◽  
Abdulrazaq Garba Habib
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Loss To Follow Up ◽  
Living With Hiv

scholarly journals The Impact of Same-Day Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation under the WHO Treat-All Policy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Kerschberger ◽  
Andrew Boulle ◽  
Rudo Kuwengwa ◽  
Iza Ciglenecki ◽  
Michael Schomaker
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Directed Acyclic Graphs ◽  
Hiv Care ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Unfavourable Outcome ◽  
Old Patients ◽  
Loss To Follow Up ◽  
Treat All ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is recommended for people living with HIV, with the option to start treatment on the day of diagnosis (same-day-ART). However, the effect of same-day-ART remains unknown in realistic public sector settings. We established a cohort of ≥16-year-old patients who initiated first-line ART under Treat-All in Nhlangano (Eswatini) between 2014-2016, either on the day of HIV care enrolment (same-day-ART) or 1–14 days thereafter (early-ART). Directed acyclic graphs, flexible parametric survival analysis and targeted maximum likelihood estimation (TMLE) were used to estimate the effect of same-day-ART initiation on the composite unfavourable treatment outcome (loss to follow-up;death;viral failure). Of 1328 patients, 839 (63.2%) initiated same-day ART. The adjusted hazard ratio of the unfavourable outcome was increased by 1.48 (95% CI:1.16–1.89) for same-day-ART compared with early-ART. TMLE suggested that after 1 year, 28.9% of patients would experience the unfavourable outcome under same-day-ART compared with 21.2% under early-ART (difference: 7.7%; 1.3–14.1%). This estimate was driven by loss to follow-up and varied over time, with a higher hazard during the first year after HIV care enrolment and a similar hazard thereafter. We found an increased risk with same-day-ART. A limitation was possible silent transfers that were not captured.

scholarly journals Renal function is preserved following Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF) initiation among Rwandan’s living with HIV

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gallican N. Rwibasira ◽  
Hae-Young Kim ◽  
Christella Twizere ◽  
Donald R Hoover ◽  
Qiuhu Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
First Line ◽  
Antiretroviral Drug ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Treat All ◽  
Living With Hiv

ABSTRACTBackgroundTenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is the antiretroviral drug most commonly associated with renal dysfunction. However, few studies have examined this association in sub-Saharan Africa despite recent scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to all people living with HIV (Treat All) in this region. We assessed estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) change among HIV infected Rwandan adults following first line TDF-based therapy initiation.MethodsThis prospective, observational study was conducted in 10 Rwandan health centers. Participants were ART-naive adults (≥18 years) living with HIV who initiated TDF-based ART from 1st July 2016 through 30th July 2018. The primary outcome was eGFR change from pre-(within 12 months) to post-TDF initiation (within 6 months).ResultsOf 476 patients with pre- and post-TDF eGFR measurements, 264 (55.5%) were women and mean age was 35.9 years (SD 9.6). Mean pre-TDF eGFR was 92.4 (SD 24.0) and mean post-TDF was 96.0 (SD 21.0) mL/min/1.73m2. Mean pre-to post-TDF change thus increased 3.60 (SD, 26.6) mL/min/1.73m2 (p=0.001).ConclusionWe detected a statistically significant clinically small renal function improvement within 6 months following TDF initiation among 476 ART-naïve patients. This supports continued TDF use for first-line treatment.

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