scholarly journals Estimating the Mutational Fitness Effects Distribution during early HIV infection

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Bons ◽  
Frederic Bertels ◽  
Roland R Regoes
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Recent Analysis ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Acute Hiv Infection ◽  
Beneficial Mutations ◽  
Fitness Effects ◽  
Acute Hiv ◽  
High Fraction ◽  
The Moment

AbstractThe evolution of HIV during acute infection is often considered a neutral process. Recent analysis of sequencing data from this stage of infection, however, showed high levels of shared mutations between independent viral populations. This suggests that selection might play a role in the early stages of HIV infection. We adapted an existing model for random evolution during acute HIV-infection to include selection. Simulations of this model were used to fit a global mutational fitness effects distribution (MFED) to sequencing data of the env gene of individuals with acute HIV infection. Measures of sharing between viral populations were used as summary statistics to compare the data to the simulations. We confirm that evolution during acute infection is significantly different from neutral. The distribution of mutational fitness effects is best fit by distribution with a low, but significant fraction of beneficial mutations and a high fraction of deleterious mutations. While most mutations are neutral or deleterious in this model, about 5% of mutations is beneficial. These beneficial mutations will, on average, result in a small but significant increase in fitness. When assuming no epistasis, this indicates that at the moment of transmission HIV is near, but not on the fitness peak for early infection.

scholarly journals Impact of Acute HIV Infection and Early Antiretroviral Therapy on the Human Gut Microbiome

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ornella Sortino ◽  
Nittaya Phanuphak ◽  
Alexandra Schuetz ◽  
Alexandra M Ortiz ◽  
Nitiya Chomchey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Acute Hiv Infection ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Art Initiation ◽  
Rdna Sequencing ◽  
Acute Hiv

Abstract Background Intestinal microbial dysbiosis is evident in chronic HIV-infected individuals and may underlie inflammation that persists even during antiretroviral therapy (ART). It remains unclear, however, how early after HIV infection gut dysbiosis emerges and how it is affected by early ART. Methods Fecal microbiota were studied by 16s rDNA sequencing in 52 Thai men who have sex with men (MSM), at diagnosis of acute HIV infection (AHI), Fiebig Stages 1–5 (F1-5), and after 6 months of ART initiation, and in 7 Thai MSM HIV-uninfected controls. Dysbiotic bacterial taxa were associated with relevant inflammatory markers. Results Fecal microbiota profiling of AHI pre-ART vs HIV-uninfected controls showed a mild dysbiosis. Transition from F1-3 of acute infection was characterized by enrichment in pro-inflammatory bacteria. Lower proportions of Bacteroidetes and higher frequencies of Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria members were observed post-ART compared with pre-ART. Fusobacteria members were positively correlated with levels of soluble CD14 in AHI post-ART. Conclusions Evidence of gut dysbiosis was observed during early acute HIV infection and was partially restored upon early ART initiation. The association of dysbiotic bacterial taxa with inflammatory markers suggests that a potential relationship between altered gut microbiota and systemic inflammation may also be established during AHI.

scholarly journals Colorectal Disorders in Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: A Case Series

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Theppharit Panichsillapakit ◽  
Derek Patel ◽  
Joanne Santangelo ◽  
Douglas D. Richman ◽  
Susan J. Little ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Acute Hiv Infection ◽  
First Case ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acute Hiv

Abstract Background.  The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is important in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We report a case series of lower GI endoscopic and histopathologic findings of HIV-infected individuals after presentation with acute infection. Methods.  We performed a retrospective case review of individuals infected with HIV who enrolled between August 2010 and April 2013 in a primary infection treatment trial. All participants started the trial during acute infection and underwent colonoscopy with biopsies at baseline and after the start of antiretroviral treatment. Results.  Twenty acutely infected individuals were included in the study (mean age, 33 years; range, 20–54 years). All participants were male who reported having receptive anal sex as an HIV risk factor. Nine individuals (45%) had at least 1 finding by colorectal pathology; 1 person had 2 diagnoses (diverticulosis and focal active proctitis). The histopathological findings revealed anal dysplasia in 3 cases: 2 had high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) and 1 had low-grade AIN. Two persons had a colorectal polyp, 1 hyperplastic and 1 adenomatous. Three persons were diagnosed with diverticulosis, and 2 persons were diagnosed with proctitis, including 1 with focal active proctitis and 1 with cytomegalovirus proctitis. Conclusions.  To our knowledge, this is the first case series report of lower GI disorders in acute HIV-infected individuals. Although the causal relationship remains uncertain, we describe the endoscopic findings that were observed during acute HIV infection among men who have sex with men. Understanding the prevalence of these pathologies may likely shed light on how acute HIV infection damages the lower GI tract.

scholarly journals Expansion of Inefficient HIV-Specific CD8 T Cells during Acute Infection

2016 ◽  
Vol 90 (8) ◽  
pp. 4005-4016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Eller ◽  
Nilu Goonetilleke ◽  
Boonrat Tassaneetrithep ◽  
Leigh Anne Eller ◽  
Margaret C. Costanzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Cell Population ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
T Cell Responses ◽  
Hiv Replication ◽  
Acute Hiv Infection ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Acute Hiv

ABSTRACTAttrition within the CD4+T cell compartment, high viremia, and a cytokine storm characterize the early days after HIV infection. When the first emerging HIV-specific CD8+T cell responses gain control over viral replication it is incomplete, and clearance of HIV infection is not achieved even in the rare cases of individuals who spontaneously control viral replication to nearly immeasurably low levels. Thus, despite their partial ability to control viremia, HIV-specific CD8+T cell responses are insufficient to clear HIV infection. Studying individuals in the first few days of acute HIV infection, we detected the emergence of a unique population of CD38+CD27−CD8+T cells characterized by the low expression of the CD8 receptor (CD8dim). Interestingly, while high frequencies of HIV-specific CD8+T cell responses occur within the CD38+CD27−CD8dimT cell population, the minority populations of CD8brightT cells are significantly more effective in inhibiting HIV replication. Furthermore, the frequency of CD8dimT cells directly correlates with viral load and clinical predictors of more rapid disease progression. We found that a canonical burst of proliferative cytokines coincides with the emergence of CD8dimT cells, and the size of this population inversely correlates with the acute loss of CD4+T cells. These data indicate, for the first time, that early CD4+T cell loss coincides with the expansion of a functionally impaired HIV-specific CD8dimT cell population less efficient in controlling HIV viremia.IMPORTANCEA distinct population of activated CD8+T cells appears during acute HIV infection with diminished capacity to inhibit HIV replication and is predictive of viral set point, offering the first immunologic evidence of CD8+T cell dysfunction during acute infection.

scholarly journals Protective HLA alleles are associated with reduced LPS levels in acute HIV infection with implications for immune activation and pathogenesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. e1007981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel T. Claiborne ◽  
Eileen P. Scully ◽  
Christine D. Palmer ◽  
Jessica L. Prince ◽  
Gladys N. Macharia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Acute Hiv Infection ◽  
Hla Alleles ◽  
Acute Hiv

Sir, Esophageal candidiasis and immunodeficiency associated with acute HIV infection

AIDS ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Cilia ◽  
Emilio Perez Trallero ◽  
José R. Furundarena ◽  
Emilio Cuadrado ◽  
José A. Iribarren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Acute Hiv Infection ◽  
Esophageal Candidiasis ◽  
Acute Hiv

scholarly journals The impact of immunoglobulin in acute HIV infection on the HIV reservoir: a randomized controlled trial

HIV Medicine ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 777-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Tiraboschi ◽  
S Ray ◽  
K Patel ◽  
A Teague ◽  
M Pace ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Acute Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Reservoir ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Acute Hiv ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Cost Savings Associated with Testing of Antibodies, Antigens, and Nucleic Acids for Diagnosis of Acute HIV Infection

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1874-1878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maile Y. Karris ◽  
Christy M. Anderson ◽  
Sheldon R. Morris ◽  
Davey M. Smith ◽  
Susan J. Little
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Acute Hiv Infection ◽  
Acute Hiv

scholarly journals Utilizing nucleic acid amplification to identify acute HIV infection

AIDS ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 653-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salim S Abdool Karim ◽  
Koleka Mlisana ◽  
Ayesha BM Kharsany ◽  
Carolyn Williamson ◽  
Cheryl Baxter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽  
Acute Hiv Infection ◽  
Acute Hiv
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