scholarly journals Local context influences memory for emotional stimuli but not electrophysiological markers of emotion-dependent attention

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemma E. Barnacle ◽  
Dimitris Tsivilis ◽  
Alexandre Schaefer ◽  
Deborah Talmi
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Mixed List ◽  
Semantic Relatedness ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Attention And Memory ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Emotional Modulation ◽  
Early Posterior Negativity

AbstractEmotional Enhancement of free recall can be context dependent. It is readily observed when emotional and neutral scenes are encoded and recalled together, in a ‘mixed’ list, but diminishes when these scenes are encoded separately, in ‘pure’ lists. We examined the hypothesis that this effect is due to differences of allocation of attention to neutral stimuli according to whether they are presented in mixed or pure lists, especially when encoding is intentional. Using picture stimuli that were controlled for semantic relatedness, our results contradicted this hypothesis. The amplitude of well-known electrophysiological markers of emotion-related attention - the Early Posterior Negativity (EPN), the Late Positive Potential (LPP), and the Slow Wave (SW) - was higher for emotional stimuli. Crucially, the emotional modulation of these ERPs was insensitive to list context, observed equally in pure and mixed lists. Although list context did not modulate neural markers of emotion-related attention, list context did modulate the effect of emotion on free recall. The apparent decoupling of the emotional effects on attention and memory challenges existing hypotheses accounting for the emotional enhancement of memory. We close by discussing whether findings are more compatible with an alternative hypothesis, where the magnitude of emotional memory enhancement is, at least in part, a consequence of retrieval dynamics.

Effects of Semantic and Acoustic Relatedness on Free Recall in a Between-Subjects Design

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 637-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Forrester
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Mixed List ◽  
Semantic Relatedness ◽  
Facilitated Recall

Independent groups of Ss were presented with a list of semantically related, acoustically related, or unrelated words for 3 free-recall trials. While semantic relatedness induced significant amounts of clustering and facilitated recall, acoustic relatedness had no effect. These results are consistent with those found by Forrester and King (1971) for a mixed-list design.

Pharmacologically Increasing Sleep Spindles Enhances Recognition for Negative and High-arousal Memories

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 1597-1610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik J. Kaestner ◽  
John T. Wixted ◽  
Sara C. Mednick
Keyword(s):  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Sleep Spindles ◽  
Sleep Spindle ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Valence And Arousal

Sleep affects declarative memory for emotional stimuli differently than it affects declarative memory for nonemotional stimuli. However, the interaction between specific sleep characteristics and emotional memory is not well understood. Recent studies on how sleep affects emotional memory have focused on rapid eye movement sleep (REM) but have not addressed non-REM sleep, particularly sleep spindles. This is despite the fact that sleep spindles are implicated in declarative memory as well as neural models of memory consolidation (e.g., hippocampal neural replay). Additionally, many studies examine a limited range of emotional stimuli and fail to disentangle differences in memory performance because of variance in valence and arousal. Here, we experimentally increase non-REM sleep features, sleep spindle density, and SWS, with pharmacological interventions using zolpidem (Ambien) and sodium oxybate (Xyrem) during daytime naps. We use a full spread of emotional stimuli to test all levels of valence and arousal. We find that increasing sleep spindle density increases memory discrimination (da) for highly arousing and negative stimuli without altering measures of bias (ca). These results indicate a broader role for sleep in the processing of emotional stimuli with differing effects based on arousal and valence, and they raise the possibility that sleep spindles causally facilitate emotional memory consolidation. These findings are discussed in terms of the known use of hypnotics in individuals with emotional mood disorders.

scholarly journals Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Emotional Memory Scale

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Fijtman ◽  
Letícia Sanguinetti Czepielewski ◽  
Ana Cláudia Mércio Loredo Souza ◽  
Paul Felder ◽  
Marcia Kauer-Sant'Anna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Adaptation ◽  
Negative Selection ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Cross Cultural Adaptation ◽  
Portuguese Version ◽  
Culturally Adapted

Abstract Background Emotional memory is an important type of memory that is triggered by positive and negative emotions. It is characterized by an enhanced memory for emotional stimuli which is usually coupled with a decrease in memory of neutral preceding events. Emotional memory is strongly associated with amygdala function and therefore could be disrupted in neuropsychiatric disorders. To our knowledge, there is no translated and culturally adapted instrument for the Brazilian Portuguese speaking population to assess emotional memory. Objective To report the translation and cross-cultural adaptation of a Brazilian Portuguese version of the Emotional Memory Scale, originally published by Strange et al. in 2003. Methods The author of the original scale provided 36 lists with 16 words each. Translation was performed by three independent bilingual translators. Healthy subjects assessed how semantically related each word was within the list (0 to 10) and what the emotional valence of each word was (-6 to +6). Lists without negative words were excluded (negative selection), most positive and most unrelated words were excluded (positive and semantic selection, respectively), and lists with low semantic relationship were excluded (semantic assessment). Results Five lists were excluded during negative selection, four words from each list were excluded in positive and semantic selection, and 11 lists were excluded during semantic assessment. Finally, we reached 20 lists of semantically related words; each list had one negative word and 11 neutral words. Conclusion A scale is now available to evaluate emotional memory in the Brazilian population and requires further validation on its psychometrics properties.

scholarly journals Altered effective connectivity in migraine patients during emotional stimuli: a multi-frequency magnetoencephalography study

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Ren ◽  
Qun Yao ◽  
Minjie Tian ◽  
Feng Li ◽  
Yueqiu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Primary Headache ◽  
Clustering Coefficient ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Emotional Modulation ◽  
Gamma Frequency ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background Migraine is a common and disabling primary headache, which is associated with a wide range of psychiatric comorbidities. However, the mechanisms of emotion processing in migraine are not fully understood yet. The present study aimed to investigate the neural network during neutral, positive, and negative emotional stimuli in the migraine patients. Methods A total of 24 migraine patients and 24 age- and sex-matching healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Neuromagnetic brain activity was recorded using a whole-head magnetoencephalography (MEG) system upon exposure to human facial expression stimuli. MEG data were analyzed in multi-frequency ranges from 1 to 100 Hz. Results The migraine patients exhibited a significant enhancement in the effective connectivity from the prefrontal lobe to the temporal cortex during the negative emotional stimuli in the gamma frequency (30–90 Hz). Graph theory analysis revealed that the migraine patients had an increased degree and clustering coefficient of connectivity in the delta frequency range (1–4 Hz) upon exposure to positive emotional stimuli and an increased degree of connectivity in the delta frequency range (1–4 Hz) upon exposure to negative emotional stimuli. Clinical correlation analysis showed that the history, attack frequency, duration, and neuropsychological scales of the migraine patients had a negative correlation with the network parameters in certain frequency ranges. Conclusions The results suggested that the individuals with migraine showed deviant effective connectivity in viewing the human facial expressions in multi-frequencies. The prefrontal-temporal pathway might be related to the altered negative emotional modulation in migraine. These findings suggested that migraine might be characterized by more universal altered cerebral processing of negative stimuli. Since the significant result in this study was frequency-specific, more independent replicative studies are needed to confirm these results, and to elucidate the neurocircuitry underlying the association between migraine and emotional conditions.

scholarly journals A retrieved context model of the emotional modulation of memory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Talmi ◽  
Lynn J. Lohnas ◽  
Nathaniel D. Daw
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Temporal Context ◽  
Composition Effect ◽  
Context Model ◽  
Emotional Modulation ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Context Models ◽  
Evolutionary Fitness

AbstractEmotion enhances episodic memory, an effect thought to be an adaptation to prioritise the memories that best serve evolutionary fitness. But viewing this effect largely in terms of prioritising what to encode or consolidate neglects broader rational considerations about what sorts of associations should be formed at encoding, and which should be retrieved later. Although neurobiological investigations have provided many mechanistic clues about how emotional arousal modulates item memory, these effects have not been wholly integrated with the cognitive and computational neuroscience of memory more generally.Here we apply the Context Maintenance and Retrieval Model (CMR, Polyn, Norman & Kahana, 2009) to this problem by extending it to describe the way people may represent and process emotional information. A number of ways to operationalise the effect of emotion were tested. The winning emotional CMR (eCMR) model reconceptualises emotional memory effects as arising from the modulation of a process by which memories become bound to ever-changing temporal and emotional contexts. eCMR provides a good qualitative fit for the emotional list-composition effect and the emotional oddball effect, illuminating how these effects are jointly determined by the interplay of encoding and retrieval processes. eCMR explains the increased advantage of emotional memories in delayed memory tests through the limited ability of retrieval to reinstate the temporal context of encoding.By leveraging the rich tradition of temporal context models, eCMR helps integrate existing effects of emotion and provides a powerful tool to test mechanisms by which emotion affects memory in a broad range of paradigms.

Duration Estimation of Angry and Neutral Faces: Behavioral and Electrophysiological Correlates

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 254-278
Author(s):  
Lisa V. Eberhardt ◽  
Ferdinand Pittino ◽  
Anna Scheins ◽  
Anke Huckauf ◽  
Markus Kiefer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Information Processing Model ◽  
Emotional Faces ◽  
Early Posterior Negativity ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Stimulus Offset ◽  
Duration Estimation

Abstract Emotional stimuli like emotional faces have been frequently shown to be temporally overestimated compared to neutral ones. This effect has been commonly explained by induced arousal caused by emotional processing leading to the acceleration of an inner-clock-like pacemaker. However, there are some studies reporting contradictory effects and others point to relevant moderating variables. Given this controversy, we aimed at investigating the processes underlying the temporal overestimation of emotional faces by combining behavioral and electrophysiological correlates in a temporal bisection task. We assessed duration estimation of angry and neutral faces using anchor durations of 400 ms and 1600 ms while recording event-related potentials. Subjective ratings and the early posterior negativity confirmed encoding and processing of stimuli’s emotionality. However, temporal ratings did not differ between angry and neutral faces. In line with this behavioral result, the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV), an electrophysiological index of temporal accumulation, was not modulated by the faces’ emotionality. Duration estimates, i.e., short or long responses toward stimuli of ambiguous durations of 1000 ms, were nevertheless associated with a differential CNV amplitude. Interestingly, CNV modulation was already observed at 600–700 ms after stimulus onset, i.e., long before stimulus offset. The results are discussed in light of the information-processing model of time perception as well as regarding possible factors of the experimental setup moderating temporal overestimation of emotional stimuli. In sum, combining behavioral and electrophysiological measures seems promising to more clearly understand the complex processes leading to the illusion of temporal lengthening of emotional faces.

Noun Imagery and Retroactive Inhibition in Free Recall

1978 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-696
Author(s):  
Wayne H. Decker ◽  
J. Stephen Scott
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Mixed List ◽  
Retroactive Inhibition ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Response Set ◽  
Single List ◽  
Similarity Effect

Two experiments were conducted investigating retroactive inhibition in free recall as a function of rated imagery level (high or low). In Exp. I there was significant retroactive inhibition in all experimental conditions relative to single-list controls and more interference when two lists of the same imagery level were learned than when the lists were different in imagery. In Exp. II all subjects learned a mixed List 1 containing nouns, half of high and half of low imagery. List 2 were nouns of high, mixed, or low imagery. The effect of type of List 2 was not significant, but the interaction of List 1 imagery and type of List 2 did reach significance. The amount of retroactive inhibition-at each level of imagery was related to the number of List 2 words at the same level. Thus, the similarity effect is not dependent on the similarity of Lists 1 and 2 as wholes, as the response-set interpretation of retroactive inhibition suggests, but seems to be due to more specific interference among items similar in imagery.

scholarly journals Impairment in emotional modulation of attention and memory in schizophrenia

2014 ◽  
Vol 157 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 63-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Walsh-Messinger ◽  
Paul Michael Ramirez ◽  
Philip Wong ◽  
Daniel Antonius ◽  
Nicole Aujero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention And Memory ◽  
Emotional Modulation

Is the Picture Bizarreness Effect a Generation Effect?

2000 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 331-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Marchal ◽  
Serge Nicolas
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Mixed List ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Generation Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Free Recall Task ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Bizarreness Effect

Bizarre stimuli usually facilitate recall compared to common stimuli. This investigation explored the so-called bizarreness effect in free recall by using 80 simple line drawings of common objects (common vs bizarre). 64 subjects participated with 16 subjects in each group. Half of the subjects received learning instructions and the other half rated the bizarreness of each drawing. Moreover, drawings were presented either alone or with the name of the object under mixed-list encoding conditions. After the free recall task, subjects had to make metamemory judgments about how many items of each format they had seen and recalled. The key result was that a superiority of bizarre pictures over common ones was found in all conditions although performance was better when the pictures were presented alone than with their corresponding label. Subsequent metamemory judgments, however, showed that subjects underestimated the number of bizarre items actually recalled.

Recall of Semantic Clusters in Primary Memory

1971 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betty Ann Levy ◽  
Alan Baddeley
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Retention Interval ◽  
Semantic Relatedness ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Primary Memory ◽  
Secondary Memory ◽  
List Presentation ◽  
Free Recall Task ◽  
Memory Functions ◽  
Semantic Cues

An experiment is reported which investigated the use of semantic relatedness as a retrieval cue in the primary memory component in a free recall task. Six-word semantically related clusters were placed in the middle and end positions of free recall lists. Retention was measured immediately after the list presentation and after a filled retention interval of 15 sec. Pure primary memory functions were calculated. The results indicated that semantic cues are useful in retrieval from secondary memory but played no part in recall from primary memory.

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