scholarly journals Whole-body single-cell sequencing of the Platynereis larva reveals a subdivision into apical versus non-apical tissues

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaia Achim ◽  
Nils Eling ◽  
Hernando Martinez Vergara ◽  
Paola Yanina Bertucci ◽  
Thibaut Brunet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Peptidergic Neurons ◽  
Larval Body ◽  
Single Cell Sequencing ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Platynereis Dumerilii ◽  
Somatic Musculature

AbstractAnimal bodies comprise a diverse array of tissues and cells. To characterise cellular identities across an entire body, we have compared the transcriptomes of single cells randomly picked from dissociated whole larvae of the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii1–4. We identify five transcriptionally distinct groups of differentiated cells that are spatially coherent, as revealed by spatial mapping5. Besides somatic musculature, ciliary bands and midgut, we find a group of cells located at the apical tip of the animal, comprising sensory-peptidergic neurons, and another group composed of non-apical neural and epidermal cells covering the rest of the body. These data establish a basic subdivision of the larval body surface into molecularly defined apical versus non-apical tissues, and support the evolutionary conservation of the apical nervous system as a distinct part of the bilaterian brain6.

scholarly journals Whole-animal connectome and cell-type complement of the three-segmented Platynereis dumerilii larva

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Csaba Verasztó ◽  
Sanja Jasek ◽  
Martin Gühmann ◽  
Réza Shahidi ◽  
Nobuo Ueda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Network Architecture ◽  
Level Structure ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Pigment Cells ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Platynereis Dumerilii

AbstractNervous systems coordinate effectors across the body during movements. We know little about the cellular-level structure of synaptic circuits for such body-wide control. Here we describe the whole-body synaptic connectome and cell-type complement of a three-segmented larva of the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii. We reconstructed and annotated over 1,500 neurons and 6,500 non-neuronal cells in a whole-body serial electron microscopy dataset. The differentiated cells fall into 180 neuronal and 90 non-neuronal cell types. We analyse the modular network architecture of the entire nervous system and describe polysynaptic pathways from 428 sensory neurons to four effector systems – ciliated cells, glands, pigment cells and muscles. The complete somatic musculature and its innervation will be described in a companion paper. We also investigated intersegmental differences in cell-type complement, descending and ascending pathways, and mechanosensory and peptidergic circuits. Our work provides the basis for understanding whole-body coordination in annelids.

scholarly journals Effect of the Opponent’s Appearance on Interpersonal Cognition that Affects User-to-User Relationship in Virtual Whole-Body Interaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 1029-1042
Author(s):  
Sho Sakurai ◽  
◽  
Takumi Goto ◽  
Takuya Nojima ◽  
Koichi Hirota
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Real World ◽  
Impression Formation ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Media Environment ◽  
Body Interaction

People infer the internal characteristics (attitude, intent, thoughts, ability, relationship, etc.) of others (interpersonal cognition, IC) from the impressions they form from the personality or attributes of those others (impression formation). Studies premised on interpersonal communication in a seated condition have confirmed that, regardless of whether the communication is in the real world or in a media environment, the appearance of the other person affects IC and the outcome of the communication. People also develop relationships based on impressions or images of the other party. The psychological relationship manifests in physical relationships, that is, the relative positions of the body or the movement. In this study, we evaluate the effects of the appearance of the opponent’s avatar on the players’ IC in whole-body interaction taking place in a virtual reality (VR) space. Moreover, we examine the feasibility of constructing a method of changing the players’ relationship in interpersonal interactions that accompany the control and interference of the entire body, “whole-body interaction,” by manipulating their appearances. In this study, we selected the party game Twister as a case model of whole-body interaction and developed a system that allows users to play Twister in VR space. Using this system environment, we conducted an experiment to evaluate the players’ IC based on the gender and realism of the opponent’s avatar. The results showed that differences in the appearance of the opponent’s avatar affected the IC of male players. We also indicated that changes in IC observed in the experiment can affect the players’ relationship, thus identifying issues that must be resolved in order to realize the method.

EU Directive on Physical Agents — Vibration

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
P L Pelmear ◽  
D K N Leong
Keyword(s):  
Health And Safety ◽  
Standing Position ◽  
The Body ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Exposure Limit ◽  
Whole Body Vibrations ◽  
The Eu

Vibrations that arouse human health concerns are classified into two main categories: (1) hand-arm vibrations (HAV) and (2) whole-body vibrations (WBV). Hand-transmitted vibration from a power or impact tool affects the upper extremities of the body. WBV affects the entire body and is transmitted from a vibrating seat, bed or floor to a person who is in a sitting, Iying or standing position. The EU Directive April 5, 2002 provides exposure limit and action values for both HAV and WBV. These values have taken into consideration recent advances in knowledge and the political judgment of the Member States so are at variance with the present Health and Safety Executive (HSE) values and the ACGIH TLVs. This paper reviews the development of international standards for vibration and the requirements of the EU Directive.

scholarly journals Mathematical Models for Cholesterol Metabolism and Transport

Processes ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Fangyuan Zhang ◽  
Brittany Macshane ◽  
Ryan Searcy ◽  
Zuyi Huang
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Cholesterol Biosynthesis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cholesterol Homeostasis ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
High Cholesterol ◽  
Cholesterol Levels

Cholesterol is an essential component of eukaryotic cellular membranes. It is also an important precursor for making other molecules needed by the body. Cholesterol homeostasis plays an essential role in human health. Having high cholesterol can increase the chances of getting heart disease. As a result of the risks associated with high cholesterol, it is imperative that studies are conducted to determine the best course of action to reduce whole body cholesterol levels. Mathematical models can provide direction on this. By examining existing models, the suitable reactions or processes for drug targeting to lower whole-body cholesterol can be determined. This paper examines existing models in the literature that, in total, cover most of the processes involving cholesterol metabolism and transport, including: the absorption of cholesterol in the intestine; the cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver; the storage and transport of cholesterol between the intestine, the liver, blood vessels, and peripheral cells. The findings presented in these models will be discussed for potential combination to form a comprehensive model of cholesterol within the entire body, which is then taken as an in-silico patient for identifying drug targets, screening drugs, and designing intervention strategies to regulate cholesterol levels in the human body.

scholarly journals In Search Of Place

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melody Taghi-Poor
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Basic Definition ◽  
Physical Location ◽  
Basic Orientation ◽  
Five Senses ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Embodied Memory ◽  
Comprehensive Discussion

The following thesis will explore the contemporary meaning of ‘Place’ and the lost relationship between human sensitivity -both emotional and physical- and the setting, which together would form the very definition of a place, and will make an attempt to re-define this relationship. By returning to the basic definition of place, this paper emphasizes the fact that place without memory is simply space without meaning and that unlike places of our time that put little emphasis on the embodied memory, memory of place is experienced through not only mind but also the entire body. The paper will take a bottom-up approach where ‘Space’ as a fundamental element of ‘Place’ and its transformation to place is discussed. There will be a comprehensive discussion on place itself and the role and ability of embodied memory in creation of place. Each section will make an effort to consider the current circumstances of ‘Place’ and how they might be transformed to establish a relationship between embodied memory of space and the physical location. Here, senses, movement and basic orientation of the body will be discussed as elements empowering the embodied memory and having the ability to transform spaces–or non-places- of our time into place. Movement if not one of our five senses, inspires us to engage our whole body; we see, touch and smell what surrounds us, and also understand the setting in the sense that we engage or interact with it. The design project will explore the act of movement as the fundamental element of forming embodied memory of ‘Space’ and transforming it into ‘Place’. Element of path, which links two significant nodes - one known as a place and another a non-place- will be incorporated to represent the act of movement and its impact on creation of a ‘Place’.

scholarly journals Quantitative Assessment of the Size-dependent Whole-body to Cellular Biodistribution of Fine Particulate Matters Following Inhalation by Fluorescence Imaging

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taewoong Son ◽  
Youn-Joo Cho ◽  
Hyunseung Lee ◽  
Mi Young Cho ◽  
Byeongwoo Goh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Flow Cytometric Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Particulate Matters ◽  
Fine Dust ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: There has been growing concern regarding the impact of air pollution, especially fine dust, on human health. However, it is difficult to estimate the toxicity of fine dust on the human body because of its diverse effects depending on the composition and environmental factors.Results: In this study, we focused on the difference in the biodistribution of fine dust according to the size distribution of particulate matter after inhalation into the body to predict its impact on human health. We synthesized Cy7-doped silica particulate matters (CSPMs) having different particle sizes and employed them as model fine dust, and studied their whole-body in vivo biodistribution in BALB/c nude mice. Image-tracking and quantitative analysis were performed on the ex vivo organs and tissues. Additionally, flow cytometric analysis of single cells isolated from the lungs was performed. Smaller particles with a diameter of less than 100 nm (CSPM0.1) were observed to be removed relatively rapidly from the lungs upon initial inhalation. However, they were confirmed to accumulate continuously over 4 weeks of observation. In particular, smaller particles were found to spread rapidly to other organs during the early stages of inhalation.Conclusions: It is expected that the effect of fine dust on human health can be predicted through the differences in in vivo behavior that arise depending on the particle size. This study might provide with insights on association between CSPM0.1 accumulation in several organs including the lungs and adverse effect to underlying diseases in the organs.

scholarly journals CellGPS: Whole-body tracking of single cells by positron emission tomography

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyung Oh Jung ◽  
Tae Jin Kim ◽  
Jung Ho Yu ◽  
Siyeon Rhee ◽  
Wei Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Cell Trafficking ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Average Cell ◽  
Positron Emission

AbstractIn vivo molecular imaging tools are critically important for determining the role played by cell trafficking in biological processes and cellular therapies. However, existing tools measure average cell behavior and not the kinetics and migration routes of individual cells inside the body. Furthermore, efflux and non-specific accumulation of contrast agents are confounding factors, leading to inaccurate estimation of cell distribution in vivo. In view of these challenges, we report the development of a “cellular GPS” capable of tracking single cells inside living subjects with exquisite sensitivity. We use mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) to concentrate 68Ga radioisotope into live cells and inject these cells into live mice. From the pattern of annihilation photons detected by positron emission tomography (PET), we infer, in real time, the position of individual cells with respect to anatomical landmarks derived from X-ray computed tomography (CT). To demonstrate this technique, a single human breast cancer cell was tracked in a mouse model of experimental metastasis. The cell arrested in the lungs 2-3 seconds after tail-vein injection. Its average velocity was estimated at around 50 mm/s, consistent with blood flow rate. Other cells were tracked after injection through other routes, but no motion was detected within 10 min of acquisition. Single-cell tracking could be applied to determine the kinetics of cell trafficking and arrest during the earliest phase of the metastatic cascade, the trafficking of immune cells during cancer immunotherapy, or the distribution of cells after transplantation in regenerative medicine.

scholarly journals In Search Of Place

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melody Taghi-Poor
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Basic Definition ◽  
Physical Location ◽  
Basic Orientation ◽  
Five Senses ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Embodied Memory ◽  
Comprehensive Discussion

The following thesis will explore the contemporary meaning of ‘Place’ and the lost relationship between human sensitivity -both emotional and physical- and the setting, which together would form the very definition of a place, and will make an attempt to re-define this relationship. By returning to the basic definition of place, this paper emphasizes the fact that place without memory is simply space without meaning and that unlike places of our time that put little emphasis on the embodied memory, memory of place is experienced through not only mind but also the entire body. The paper will take a bottom-up approach where ‘Space’ as a fundamental element of ‘Place’ and its transformation to place is discussed. There will be a comprehensive discussion on place itself and the role and ability of embodied memory in creation of place. Each section will make an effort to consider the current circumstances of ‘Place’ and how they might be transformed to establish a relationship between embodied memory of space and the physical location. Here, senses, movement and basic orientation of the body will be discussed as elements empowering the embodied memory and having the ability to transform spaces–or non-places- of our time into place. Movement if not one of our five senses, inspires us to engage our whole body; we see, touch and smell what surrounds us, and also understand the setting in the sense that we engage or interact with it. The design project will explore the act of movement as the fundamental element of forming embodied memory of ‘Space’ and transforming it into ‘Place’. Element of path, which links two significant nodes - one known as a place and another a non-place- will be incorporated to represent the act of movement and its impact on creation of a ‘Place’.

scholarly journals Jilbab Sebagai Etika Busana Muslimah dalam Perspektif Al-Qur’an

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-170
Author(s):  
Ratna Wijayanti
Keyword(s):  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
The Past ◽  
Language Analysis ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Veil ◽  
Holy Book

Al Qur'an is the holy book of Islam, in which there are many rules of Allah, one of which is the rule about the ethics of Muslim women wearing Jilbab. God's command of the veil contained in the Qur'an always begins with the words of a believing woman. this phrase shows how the hijab's position is based on the faithful women. According to Abdul A'la Al-Maududi as quoted by Quraish Shihab, the basis of all forms of obedience and obedience in Islam is Faith. It is clear that it is faith alone that simply binds a person to remain obedient, obedient to the law of God in all their affairs of life. Therefore, Islam first teaches mankind to believe and strengthen the faith to be imprinted in the hearts of men. It is implanted earlier before taught related to worship, muamalah and morals including in it are morally dressed or veiled contained in al-Qur'an and Al-Hadith. From historical analysis, munasabah analysis, and language analysis of the veil it can be concluded that the veil in general is a wide, loose, and covering the entire body. Meanwhile, the commentators differ on the meaning of "Let them stretch out their veils to their whole bodies." Among their interpretations of the verse are: covering his face and head, and only showing his left eye; cover the entire body and half the face by showing both eyes; and extend the cloth to cover the head to the chest. Thus, we can know that commentators from the past until now have agreed that the hijab is a religious duty for women. They agree on the obligation to wear the hijab and differ on the meaning of extending the veil: whether it extends throughout the body except one eye, extends to the whole body except for two eyes, or extends to the whole body except the face.

Vital Marking of Single Cells in Developing Tissues: India Ink Injection to Trace Tissue Movements in Hydra

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. CAMPBELL
Keyword(s):  
Single Cells ◽  
Carbon Particle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Black Dot ◽  
Symbiotic Algae ◽  
India Ink ◽  
Marked Cell ◽  
Endodermal Cells ◽  
Body Column

A new vital marking procedure was devised, studied, and applied to the phenomenon of hydra column tissue movements. The method involves injecting colloidal carbon (India ink) into the ectodermal epithelium of hydra. The carbon is taken up specifically by epithelial cells and packed into lysosome residual bodies. Each marked cell is then identifiable by its aggregated carbon particle, which appears as a black dot; this is passed to a daughter cell during cell division. Using this method to stain vitally the ectoderm of the green hydra, Chlorohydra viridissima, whose endodermal cells were marked by symbiotic algae, the relative movements of ectoderm and endoderm along the body column were analysed. Ectoderm and endoderm move in different directions or at different rates in the top quarter of the gastric column, but move together in the lower part of the column. This indicates that some epithelial cell movements involve cells migrating relative to the mesoglea; other movements involve translocation of the entire body wall, including ectoderm, mesoglea and endoderm.

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