scholarly journals Language evolution to revolution: the leap from rich-vocabulary non-recursive communication system to recursive language 70,000 years ago was associated with acquisition of a novel component of imagination, called Prefrontal Synthesis, enabled by a mutation that slowed down the prefrontal cortex maturation simultaneously in two or more children – the Romulus and Remus hypothesis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Vyshedskiy
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Communication System ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Language Evolution ◽  
Genetic Mutation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spatial Prepositions ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Grammar Acquisition

AbstractThere is an overwhelming archeological and genetic evidence that modern speech apparatus was acquired by hominins by 600,000 years ago1. On the other hand, artifacts signifying modern imagination, such as (1) composite figurative arts, (2) bone needles with an eye, (3) construction of dwellings, and (4) elaborate burials arose not earlier than 70,000 years ago2. It remains unclear (1) why there was a long gap between acquisition of modern speech apparatus and modern imagination, (2) what triggered the acquisition of modern imagination 70,000 years ago, and (3) what role language might have played in this process. Our research into evolutionary origin of modern imagination has been driven by the observation of a temporal limit for the development of a particular component of imagination. Modern children not exposed to recursive language in early childhood never acquire the type of active constructive imagination called Prefrontal Synthesis (PFS). Unlike vocabulary and grammar acquisition, which can be learned throughout one’s lifetime, there is a strong critical period for the development of PFS and individuals not exposed to recursive language in early childhood can never acquire PFS as adults. Their language will always lack understanding of spatial prepositions and recursion that depend on the PFS ability. In a similar manner, early hominins would not have been able to learn recursive language as adults and, therefore, would not be able to teach recursive language to their children. Thus, the existence of a strong critical period for PFS acquisition creates an evolutionary barrier for behavioral modernity. An evolutionary mathematical model suggests that a synergistic confluence of three events (1) a genetic mutation that extended the critical period by slowing down the prefrontal cortex development simultaneously in two or more children, (2) invention of recursive elements of language, such as spatial prepositions, by these children and (3) their dialogic communications using these recursive elements, resulted in concurrent conversion of a non-recursive communication system of their parents to recursive language and acquisition of PFS around 70,000 years ago.

scholarly journals Language evolution to revolution: the leap from rich-vocabulary non-recursive communication system to recursive language 70,000 years ago was associated with acquisition of a novel component of imagination, called Prefrontal Synthesis, enabled by a mutation that slowed down the prefrontal cortex maturation simultaneously in two or more children – the Romulus and Remus hypothesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Vyshedskiy
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Communication System ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Language Evolution ◽  
Genetic Mutation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spatial Prepositions ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Grammar Acquisition

There is an overwhelming archeological and genetic evidence that modern speech apparatus was acquired by hominins by 600,000 years ago. On the other hand, artifacts signifying modern imagination, such as (1) composite figurative arts, (2) bone needles with an eye, (3) construction of dwellings, and (4) elaborate burials arose not earlier than 70,000 years ago. It remains unclear (1) why there was a long gap between acquisition of modern speech apparatus and modern imagination, (2) what triggered the acquisition of modern imagination 70,000 years ago, and (3) what role language might have played in this process. Our research into evolutionary origin of modern imagination has been driven by the observation of a temporal limit for the development of a particular component of imagination. Modern children not exposed to recursive language in early childhood never acquire the type of active constructive imagination called Prefrontal Synthesis (PFS). Unlike vocabulary and grammar acquisition, which can be learned throughout one’s lifetime, there is a strong critical period for the development of PFS and individuals not exposed to recursive language in early childhood can never acquire PFS as adults. Their language will always lack understanding of spatial prepositions and recursion that depend on the PFS ability. In a similar manner, early hominins would not have been able to learn recursive language as adults and, therefore, would not be able to teach recursive language to their children. Thus, the existence of a strong critical period for PFS acquisition creates an evolutionary barrier for behavioral modernity. An evolutionary mathematical model suggests that a synergistic confluence of three events (1) a genetic mutation that extended the critical period by slowing down the prefrontal cortex development simultaneously in two or more children, (2) invention of recursive elements of language, such as spatial prepositions, by these children and (3) their dialogic communications using these recursive elements, resulted in concurrent conversion of a non-recursive communication system of their parents to recursive language and acquisition of PFS around 70,000 years ago.

Gesture–speech unity

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
David McNeill
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Language Evolution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Shared Intentionality ◽  
Origin Of Language ◽  
Child Speech ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Selection Of

This paper outlines an argument for how development in child speech and gesture could shed light on language evolution: child acquisition can be thought of as two types of acquisition, one of which goes extinct (gesture-first, Acquisition 1) and is replaced by another (gesture–speech unity, Acquisition 2). For ontogenesis, this implies that children acquire two languages, one of which is extinct, and which again goes extinct in ontogenesis (it continues as “gestures of silence” rather than as gestures of speech). There is no way to get from Acquisition 1 to Acquisition 2. They are on different tracks. Even when they converge in the same sentence, as they sometimes do, they alternate and do not combine. I propose that the 3~4 year timing of Acquisition 2 relates to the natural selection of a kind of gestural self–response I call “Mead’s Loop”, which took place in a certain psychological milieu at the origin of language. This milieu emerges now in ontogenesis at 3~4 years and with it Mead’s Loop. It is self-aware agency, on which a self-response depends. Other developments, such as theory of mind and shared intentionality, likewise depend on it and also emerge around the same time. The prefrontal cortex, anchoring a ring of language centers in the brain, matures at that point as well, another factor influencing the late timing. On the other hand, a third acquisition, speech evoking adult attachment, begins at (or even before) birth, as shown by a number of studies, and provides continuity through the two acquisitions and extinction.

Sectarian struggle in the Middle East and the new Alliances

2019 ◽  
pp. 337
Author(s):  
Harith Qahtan Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Era ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
The World ◽  
Gulf States ◽  
Other World ◽  
Islamic Civilization ◽  
New Formation

Our Islamic world passes a critical period representing on factional, racial and sectarian struggle especially in the Middle East, which affects the Islamic identification union. The world passes a new era of civilization formation, and what these a new formation which affects to the Islamic civilization especially in Syria, Iraq, Yemen, and Lebanon. The sectarian struggle led to heavy sectarian alliances from Arab Gulf states and Turkey from one side and Iran states and its alliances in the other side. The Sunni and Shia struggle are weaken the World Islamic civilization and it is competitive among other world civilization.

EFFECTS OF PEDAGOGICAL APPROACHES and PRACTICES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION: A RESEARCH REVIEW

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (26) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pushpita Rajawat
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Early Childhood Education ◽  
Child Development ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
National Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pedagogical Practices ◽  
Research Review ◽  
Childhood Education ◽  
Pedagogical Approaches

The relative effectiveness of different pedagogical approaches and pedagogies in early childhood has raised substantial debate. While the other are associated with the acquisition of basic skills and knowledge and some of them are associated with socio-emotional development and problem-solving abilities. In general, research revealed both positive and negative effects of pedagogical approaches, without favouring specific pedagogical approaches over mainstream ones. However, it is important to note that research evidence and studies considering the same approaches in the same context are very limited. On the other hand, specific pedagogical practices are found to enhance child development, including high-quality interactions involving sustained-shared thinking methods, play-based learning, scaffolding, as well as a combination of staff- and child initiated activities. Research impacts pedagogy and pedagogical practices in the sense that research findings can inform policy makers and practitioners on best practices and what works best in enhancing staff performance, process quality and child development. Research on pedagogy and practices is usually not conducted at the national level, but focuses on particular programmes. So, research review has been used as a guide or manual to provide pedagogical guidance for Early Childhood Education (ECE) staff not only in India but also worldwide. The main focus of the study is that how of the best pedagogical practices and approaches across the country can be useful and implemented in early childhood education

scholarly journals Preparation of alcohol-based handrub in COVID-19 Alsatian cluster

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elodie Di-Falco ◽  
Johan Bourbon ◽  
Isalyne Sbaffe ◽  
Jean-Daniel Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Critical Period ◽  
Hospital Management ◽  
Management Team ◽  
The Other ◽  
Packaging Materials ◽  
Local Production ◽  
Technical Grade ◽  
Hand Sanitizer ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Real Challenge

AbstractAlsace, in particular Haut-Rhin, is one of the main clusters of COVID-19 in France. There has been a shortage of essential supplies in the area, especially alcohol-based hand sanitizer. In this context, and in accordance with the decree dated March 6, 2020, our hospital management team asked us to start local production of alcohol-based handrub. This was a real challenge: In one week, we had to implement the production of handrub to meet the needs of a 1,400-bed hospital. The production had to comply with the French preparation guidelines and take place on specific premises, with qualified and calibrated equipment, by qualified staff, under the supervision of a pharmacist. The other big challenge we faced was the supply of pharmaceutical raw and packaging materials. During this particular critical period, all suppliers were out of stock. Here, we describe the organizational set-up and the decisions made, e. g., to use technical-grade ethanol before the publication of the decrees dated March 13 and March 23, 2020.

scholarly journals The Theory of the Large Scale Structure of the Universe

1978 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 409-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya B. Zeldovich
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Sigmund Freud ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Large Scale Structure ◽  
Scale Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Single Statement

The God-father of psychoanalysis Professor Sigmund Freud taught us that the behaviour of adults depends on their early childhood experiences. in the same spirit, the problem of cosmological analysis is to derive the observed present day situation and structure of the Universe from certain plausible assumptions about its early behaviour. Perhaps the most important single statement about the large scale structure is that there is no structure at all on the largest scale − 1000 Mpc and more. On this scale the Universe is rather uniform, structureless and isotropically expanding - just according to the simplified pictures of Einstein-Friedmann……. Humason, Hubble…. Robertson, Walker. On the other hand there is a lot of structure on the scale of 100 or 50 Mpc and less. There are clusters and superclusters of galaxies.

scholarly journals Characterization of a Signaling System inStreptococcus mitisThat Mediates Interspecies Communication withStreptococcus pneumoniae

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Junges ◽  
K. Sturød ◽  
G. Salvadori ◽  
H. A. Åmdal ◽  
T. Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Communication System ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Genetic Mutation ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Streptococcus Mitis ◽  
Futile Cycle ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Surface Polysaccharide

ABSTRACTStreptococcus mitisis found in the oral cavity and nasopharynx and forms a significant portion of the human microbiome. In this study,in silicoanalyses indicated the presence of an Rgg regulator and short hydrophobic peptide (Rgg/SHP) cell-to-cell communication system inS. mitis. Although Rgg presented greater similarity to a repressor inStreptococcus pyogenes, autoinducing assays and genetic mutation analysis revealed that inS. mitisRgg acts as an activator. Transcriptome analysis showed that in addition toshp, the system regulates two other downstream genes, comprising a segment of a putative lantibiotic gene cluster that is in a conjugative element locus in different members of the mitis group. Close comparison to a similar lantibiotic gene cluster inStreptococcus pneumoniaeindicated thatS. mitislacked the full set of genes. Despite the potential of SHP to trigger a futile cycle of autoinduction, growth was not significantly affected for therggmutant under normal or antibiotic stress conditions. TheS. mitisSHP was, however, fully functional in promoting cross-species communication and increasingS. pneumoniaesurface polysaccharide production, which in this species is regulated by Rgg/SHP. The activity of SHPs produced by both species was detected in cocultures using aS. mitisreporter strain. In competitive assays, a slight advantage was observed for therggmutants. We conclude that the Rgg/SHP system inS. mitisregulates the expression of its ownshpand activates an Rgg/SHP system inS. pneumoniaethat regulates surface polysaccharide synthesis. Fundamentally, cross-communication of such systems may have a role during multispecies interactions.IMPORTANCEBacteria secrete signal molecules into the environment which are sensed by other cells when the density reaches a certain threshold. In this study, we describe a communication system inStreptococcus mitis, a commensal species from the oral cavity, which we also found in several species and strains of streptococci from the mitis group. Further, we show that this system can promote cross-communication withS. pneumoniae, a closely related major human pathogen. Importantly, we show that this cross-communication can take place during coculture. While the genes regulated inS. mitisare likely part of a futile cycle of activation, the target genes inS. pneumoniaeare potentially involved in virulence. The understanding of such complex communication networks can provide important insights into the dynamics of bacterial communities.

Early childhood — a critical period for obesity prevention

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise A. Baur ◽  
Sarah P. Garnett
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Obesity Prevention ◽  
Critical Period

scholarly journals Logros de niños y niñas de educación inicial mediante el juego con bloques de Lego (Achievements of Early Childhood Education children through play with Lego blocks)

Retos ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 241-249
Author(s):  
Alix María Casadiego ◽  
Karina Avendaño Casadiego ◽  
Leidy Carolina Cuervo ◽  
Gabriel Avendaño Casadiego ◽  
Alvaro Avendaño Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Early Childhood Education ◽  
Temporal Relationship ◽  
Free Play ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pedagogical Practices ◽  
Childhood Education ◽  
Didactic Engineering ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Observation Code

 El juego, además de ser una de las experiencias que más disfrutan niños y niñas durante su etapa en educación inicial, les permite aprender y desarrollarse en forma integral. De acuerdo con ello, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo indagar en cuáles logros en relaciones espaciales, temporales y socioafectivas son más exitosos los niños y las niñas de educación inicial e identificar su evolución durante 10 semanas de observación. La metodología tuvo dos fases: inicialmente, mediante la ingeniería didáctica, se construyó un código de observación y una vez construido se realizaron las observaciones durante 10 semanas de trabajo. Las actividades fueron realizadas, durante las horas de juego libre, en las escuelas donde la Facultad de Educación de la Universidad Surcolombiana realiza sus prácticas pedagógicas. Los resultados mostraron que es en la actividad socio afectiva donde se obtienen mayores logros desde el comienzo de la experiencia; por otro lado, el principal logro se obtiene en la característica relación temporal, relacionada con la capacidad para anticiparse a los acontecimientos o predecir resultados, específicamente en la capacidad de organizar un plan para llevar a cabo una idea, que se logra en un 87%. Abstract. Playing, in addition to being one of the experiences that children enjoy the most during their stage of early childhood education, allows them to learn and develop in an integral way. In accordance with this, the present study aims to investigate which achievements in spatial, temporal and socio-affective relationships are more successful in early childhood education children and to identify their evolution during 10 weeks of observation. The methodology had two phases: initially, through didactic engineering, an observation code was constructed and once it was ready, observations were made during 10 weeks of work. The activities were carried out, during free play hours, in the schools where the Education Faculty of the Surcolombiana University carries out its pedagogical practices. The results showed that it is in the socio-affective activity where the greatest achievements are obtained from the beginning of the experience; on the other hand, the main achievement is obtained in the characteristic temporal relationship, related to the ability to anticipate events or predict results, specifically in the ability to organize a plan to carry out an idea, is achieved 87%.

scholarly journals AUTONOMY IN THE EARLY CHILDHOOD

Empowerment ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Elly Chandra Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Family Member ◽  
Home Environment ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Student Conduct ◽  
School Activities ◽  
Class Time ◽  
School Time

Abstract This research based on the big pictures of how much children shown the autonomy during school time as well during class time.  The population of the children in this school are 30 students.  The data collects through questionnaire taken by the teacher through daily basis activities from each student and most of the students are in the middle level of autonomy. The data support not only from observation during school activities as well interview from the parents and family member. There are three aspect of autonomy that been highlight during the observation and collects data, which is cognitive, affective and psychomotor aspects. These aspects have to shown in daily basis activities and student conduct in one week. Each student shown most of the aspects during activity, however it did not found every day. There are several times that it does not show or on and off period. Through this data, interview is taken to find the other aspects that influence this data. There are external aspects such as home environment and modelling that leads to this data. Keywords: Autonomy, Early Childhood  Abstract Penelitian berikut dilakukan untuk melihat gambaran seberapa banyak anak usia dini yang telah menunjukkan kemandirian dalam keseharian saat berada di sekolah. Adapun sampel yang diambil adalah anak usia dini dari Sekolah Mutiara Nusantara dan diambil populasi sebanyak 30 siswa. Dari hasil observasi dan juga kuesioner tentang kemandirian yang diisi oleh guru Sekolah Mutiara Nusantara maka diperoleh bahwa sebagian besar anak usia dini tersebut berada dalam taraf menengah kemandiriannya. Data tersebut didukung tidak hanya dari pengamatan sepanjang aktivitas yang dilakukan di sekolah namun juga di dapat dari hasil wawancara dari orang tua murid dan anggota keluarganya. Terdapat tiga aspek dari kemandirian yang ditekankan sepanjang melakukan pengamatan dan pengumpulan data, yaitu aspek kognitif, aspek afektif/emosional, dan aspek psikomotor. Aspek tersebut harus dapat ditunjukkan oleh anak dalam kesehariannya, namun dari data diperoleh bahwa aspek tersebut tidak muncul setiap hari. Terdapat beberapa waktu dimana aspek tersebut tidak muncul atau bisa disebut periode on dan off. Melalui data tersebut, dilakukan interview untuk dapat menggali lebih dalam akan aspek lainnya yang juga dapat mempengaruhi data. Terdapat aspek eksternal seperti lingkungan rumah dan modelling yang terjaring dan menunjang data berikut.   Kata Kunci: Kemandirian, anak usia dini.

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