scholarly journals Genome-wide strategies identify molecular niches regulated by connective tissue-associated transcription factors

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mickael Orgeur ◽  
Marvin Martens ◽  
Georgeta Leonte ◽  
Sonya Nassari ◽  
Marie-Ange Bonnin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Tissue Differentiation ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Components ◽  
Regulatory Cascades ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractBackgroundConnective tissues support, connect and separate tissues and organs, playing crucial roles in development, homeostasis and fibrosis. Cell specification and differentiation is triggered by the activity of specific transcription factors. While key transcription factors have been identified for differentiation processes of most tissues, connective tissue differentiation remains largely unstudied.ResultsTo gain insight into the regulatory cascades involved in connective tissue differentiation, we selected five zinc finger transcription factors - OSR1, OSR2, EGR1, KLF2 and KLF4 - based on their expression patterns and/or known involvement in the differentiation of mesenchymal cells into connective tissue subtypes. We combined RNA-seq with ChIP-seq profiling in chick limb cells following overexpression of individual transcription factors. We identified a set of common genes regulated by all five transcription factors, which constitutes a connective tissue core expression set. This common core was enriched in genes associated with axon guidance and myofibroblast signature. In addition, each of the transcription factors regulated a different set of extracellular matrix components and signalling molecules, which define local molecular niches important for connective tissue development and function.ConclusionsThe established regulatory network identifies common and distinct molecular signatures downstream of five connective tissue-associated transcription factors and provides insight into the signalling pathways governing limb connective tissue differentiation. It also suggests a concept whereby local molecular niches can be created via the expression of specific transcription factors impinging on the specification of microenvironments.

scholarly journals Expression patterns of signalling molecules and transcription factors in the early rabbit embryo and their significance for modelling amniote axis formation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben Plöger ◽  
Christoph Viebahn
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Body Plan ◽  
The Body ◽  
Anchor Point ◽  
Axis Formation ◽  
Point Model ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Rabbit Embryo

AbstractThe anterior-posterior axis is a central element of the body plan and, during amniote gastrulation, forms through several transient domains with specific morphogenetic activities. In the chick, experimentally proven activity of signalling molecules and transcription factors lead to the concept of a ‘global positioning system’ for initial axis formation whereas in the (mammotypical) rabbit embryo, a series of morphological or molecular domains are part of a putative ‘three-anchor-point model’. Because circular expression patterns of genes involved in axis formation exist in both amniote groups prior to, and during, gastrulation and may thus be suited to reconcile these models, the expression patterns of selected genes known in the chick, namely the ones coding for the transcription factors eomes and tbx6, the signalling molecule wnt3 and the wnt inhibitor pkdcc, were analysed in the rabbit embryonic disc using in situ hybridisation and placing emphasis on their germ layer location. Peripheral wnt3 and eomes expression in all layers is found initially to be complementary to central pkdcc expression in the hypoblast during early axis formation. Pkdcc then appears — together with a posterior-anterior gradient in wnt3 and eomes domains — in the epiblast posteriorly before the emerging primitive streak is marked by pkdcc and tbx6 at its anterior and posterior extremities, respectively. Conserved circular expression patterns deduced from some of this data may point to shared mechanisms in amniote axis formation while the reshaping of localised gene expression patterns is discussed as part of the ‘three-anchor-point model’ for establishing the mammalian body plan.

Isolation of Noncollagenous Proteins from Gingival Connective Tissue

1988 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 1109-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Schlagenhauf ◽  
A.S. Narayanan ◽  
R.C. Page
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Type I Collagen ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Molecular Size ◽  
Type I ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Noncollagenous Proteins ◽  
And Function ◽  
Sepharose 4B

Noncollagenous proteins form an integral part of gingiva and other connective tissues. We have performed studies aimed at purification and partial characterization of the gingival noncollagenous proteins. Healthy gingival tissues from mongrel dogs were extracted in neutral buffers, acetic acid, and 6 mol/L urea. Immunoblots using anti-keratin antibodies and CNBr peptide patterns revealed that the majority of the proteins present in these extracts were keratins. To exclude keratins, gingival connective tissue was separated from the epithelium and then extracted. Acid extracts of the connective tissue contained very little protein, whereas urea extracts contained collagen and other noncollagenous proteins. The noncollagenous proteins present in the urea extract were partially purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and separated by affinity chromatography through a Sepharose 4B-type I collagen column. At least eight proteins, which ranged in molecular size from 15 to 75 kilodaltons, were obtained by this procedure. We conclude that keratins are major components of whole gingiva extracts and that epithelium must first be removed in order for connective tissue proteins to be obtained. The gingival connective tissue appears to contain several collagen-binding proteins, and these proteins may play an important role in the structure and function of the gingival matrix.

scholarly journals Importance of intramuscular connective tissue for meat quality

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 600-603
Author(s):  
Magdalena Górska ◽  
Dorota Wojtysiak
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
The Body ◽  
Collagen Content ◽  
Meat Tenderness ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Components ◽  
Important Quality ◽  
And Function

During ageing, meat undergoes many structural and biochemical changes which make it possible to obtain meat of specific taste and physico-chemical parameters. One of the most important quality parameters is meat tenderness and juiciness. This work presents the results of studies concerning the possible effect of intramuscular connective tissue (IMCT) on the final meat quality. The amount, quality and organization of this tissue depend on the type of muscle, as well as its location in the carcass and function in the body. Muscles with high amounts of IMCT are generally less tender due to a considerable collagen content. The breakdown of IMCT network increases collagen solubility and decreases the number of extracellular matrix components, which may lead to increased meat tenderness and reduced meat juiciness. However, the final meat quality is determined not only by the proportion of connective tissue in the muscle structure, the size and organization of collagen fibres, the intramuscular fat content and the total collagen level, but also by the soluble collagen content. The effect of IMCT on the final meat quality requires further research, mainly at the molecular level.

Analysis of transcription factor expression during oogenesis and preimplantation development in mice

Zygote ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kageyama ◽  
W. Gunji ◽  
M. Nakasato ◽  
Y. Murakami ◽  
M. Nagata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Preimplantation Development ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Regulation Of Transcription ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Function

SummaryThe transition from a differentiated germ cell into a totipotent zygote during oogenesis and preimplantation development is critical to the creation of a new organism. During this period, cell characteristics change dynamically, suggesting that a global alteration of gene expression patterns occurs, which is regulated by global changes in various epigenetic factors. Among these, transcription factors (TFs) are essential in the direct regulation of transcription and also play important roles in determining cell characteristics. However, no comprehensive analysis of TFs from germ cells to embryos had been undertaken. We used mRNA amplification systems and microarrays to conduct a genomewide analysis of TFs at various stages of oogenesis and preimplantation development. The greatest alteration in TFs occurred between the 1- and 2-cell stages, at which time zygotic genome activation (ZGA) occurs. Our analysis of TFs classified by structure and function revealed several specific patterns of change. Basic transcription factors, which are the general components of transcription, increased transiently at the 2-cell stage, while homeodomain (HD) TFs were expressed specifically in the oocyte. TFs containing the Rel homology region (RHR) and Ets domains were expressed at a high level in 2-cell and blastocyst embryos. Thus, the global TF dynamics that occur during oogenesis and preimplantation development seem to regulate the transition from germ-cell-type to embryo-type gene expression.

The IRS-signalling system in insulin and cytokine action

1996 ◽  
Vol 351 (1336) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Tyrosine Residues ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Src Homology 2 ◽  
Multiple Receptors ◽  
Irs Proteins ◽  
Src Homology ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Endocytic Pathways

IRS-signalling proteins are engaged and phosphorylated on tyrosine residues by the receptors for insulin and IGF-1, and various classes of cytokine receptors, including IL-4, IL-9, and IL-13; IFNα/β and IFNγ; and growth hormone and LIF. IRS-proteins provide an interface between these receptors and signalling proteins which contain Src homology-2 domains (SH2-proteins). The recent identification of IRS-2 provides new insight into the modular structure and function of the IRS-proteins. The IRS-proteins provide a means for signal amplification by eliminating the stoichiometric constraints encountered by most receptors which directly recruit SH2-proteins to their autophosphorylation sites. Moreover, IRSproteins dissociate the intracellular signalling complex from the endocytic pathways of the activated receptor. The shared use of IRS-proteins by multiple receptors is likely to reveal important connections between various hormones and cytokines that were previously unrecognized, or observed but unexplained. The existence of additional signalling molecules based on the IRS-paradigm is likely.

Connective tissue and inflammation

2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (12) ◽  
pp. 453-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lajos Jakab
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Sialic Acids ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
And Function

The author summarizes the structure of the connective tissues, the increasing motion of the constituents, which determine the role in establishing the structure and function of that. The structure and function of the connective tissue are related to each other in the resting as well as inflammatory states. It is emphasized that cellular events in the connective tissue are part of the defence of the organism, the localisation of the damage and, if possible, the maintenance of restitutio ad integrum. The organism responds to damage with inflammation, the non specific immune response, as well as specific, adaptive immunity. These processes are located in the connective tissue. Sterile and pathogenic inflammation are relatively similar processes, but inevitable differences are present, too. Sialic acids and glycoproteins containing sialic acids have important roles, and the role of Siglecs is also highlighted. Also, similarities and differences in damages caused by pathogens and sterile agents are briefly summarized. In addition, the roles of adhesion molecules linked to each other, and the whole event of inflammatory processes are presented. When considering practical consequences it is stressed that the structure (building up) of the organism and the defending function of inflammation both have fundamental importance. Inflammation has a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and the unimpaired somato-psychological state of the organism. Thus, inflammation serves as a tool of organism identical with the natural immune response, inseparably connected with the specific, adaptive immune response. The main events of the inflammatory processes take place in the connective tissue. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(12), 453–460.

scholarly journals A cellular atlas of the developing meninges reveals meningeal fibroblast diversity and function

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John DeSisto ◽  
Rebecca O’Rourke ◽  
Stephanie Bonney ◽  
Hannah E. Jones ◽  
Fabien Guimiot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Migration ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Multilayered Structure ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Severe Phenotype ◽  
Secreted Factors ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Components ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Transporter Expression

AbstractThe meninges, a multilayered structure that encases the CNS, is composed mostly of fibroblasts, along with vascular and immune cells. Meningeal fibroblasts are a vital source of signals that control neuronal migration and neurogenesis yet strikingly little is known about their development. We used single cell RNA sequencing to generate a cellular atlas of embryonic meningeal fibroblasts in control and Foxc1-KO mice in which severe CNS defects arise from failed meningeal fibroblast development. We report unique transcriptional signatures for dura, arachnoid and pial fibroblasts and identify S100a6 as the first unique marker of the pial layer. We describe a new meningeal fibroblast subtype marked by µ-Crystallin expression and show these cell types and markers are conserved in human fetal meninges. Our analysis demonstrates layer specific production of extracellular matrix components, transporter expression, and synthesis of secreted factors. Lastly, the cellular atlas of Foxc1-KO meninges provides insight into their severe phenotype, confirming a massive loss in arachnoid and dura fibroblasts and Foxc1-KO pial fibroblasts are so altered that they cluster as a different cell type based on gene expression. These studies provide an unprecedented view of meningeal fibroblast development, highlighting unexpected fibroblast diversity and function, while providing mechanistic insights into the meninges role in CNS development.

scholarly journals Genome-wide identification and characterization of Dof transcription factors in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingzhen Wei ◽  
Wuhong Wang ◽  
Tianhua Hu ◽  
Haijiao Hu ◽  
Weihai Mao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Genome Database ◽  
Homologous Genes ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
The Family ◽  
And Function

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an important vegetable cultivated in Asia, Africa and southern Europe and, following tomato and pepper, ranks as the third most important solanaceous vegetable crop. The Dof (DNA-binding with one finger) family is a group of plant-specific transcription factors that play important roles in plant growth, development, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. The genes in the Dof family have been identified and analysed in many plant species, but the information remains lacking for eggplant. In the present study, we identified 29 SmeDof members from the eggplant genome database, which were classifed into nine subgroups. The phylogeny, gene structure, conserved motifs and homologous genes of SmeDof genes were comprehensively investigated. Subsequently, we analysed the expression patterns of SmeDof genes in six different eggplant subspecies. The results provide novel insights into the family of SmeDof genes and will promote the understanding of the structure and function of Dof genes in eggplant, and the role of Dof expression during stress.

Identification of an extracellular matrix protein adhesin, EmaA, which mediates the adhesion of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans to collagen

Microbiology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 150 (8) ◽  
pp. 2677-2688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith P. Mintz
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Matrix Protein ◽  
Actinobacillus Actinomycetemcomitans ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Protein ◽  
Collagen Binding ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Components ◽  
Regulatory Cascades ◽  
Cofactor Biosynthesis ◽  
The Individual

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is an aetiologic agent in the development of periodontal and some systemic diseases in humans. This pathogen localizes to the underlying connective tissue of the oral cavity in individuals with periodontal disease. The adhesion of A. actinomycetemcomitans to extracellular matrix components of the connective tissue prompted this study to identify gene products mediating the interaction of A. actinomycetemcomitans to these molecules. A transposon mutagenesis system was optimized for use in A. actinomycetemcomitans and used to generate an insertional mutant library. A total of 2300 individual insertion transposon mutants were screened for changes in the adhesion to collagen and fibronectin. Mutants were identified which exhibited the following phenotypes: a decrease in collagen binding; a decrease in fibronectin binding; a decrease in binding to both proteins; and an increase in binding to both collagen and fibronectin. The identification of mutants defective in adhesion to the individual proteins indicates that distinct adhesins are expressed by this organism. Molecular analysis of these mutants implicated 11 independent loci in protein adhesion. One gene, emaA, is likely to encode a direct mediator of collagen adhesion, based on predicted protein features homologous to the collagen-binding protein YadA of Yersinia enterocolitica. EmaA was localized to the outer membrane, as expected for an adhesin. Reduction in fibronectin adhesion appeared to be influenced by abrogation of proteins involved in molybdenum-cofactor biosynthesis. Several other loci identified as reducing or increasing adhesion to both collagen and fibronectin are suggested to be involved in regulatory cascades that promote or repress expression of collagen and fibronectin adhesins. Collectively, the results support the hypothesis that A. actinomycetemcomitans host colonization involves afimbrial adhesins for extracellular matrix proteins, and that the expression of adhesion is modulated by global regulatory mechanisms.

scholarly journals Analysis of the FBXO7 promoter reveals overlapping Pax5 and c-Myb binding sites functioning in B cells

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Randle ◽  
Heike Laman
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Sequence Alignments ◽  
Multiple Transcription Factor ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractFbxo7 is a key player in the differentiation and function of numerous blood cell types, and in neurons, oligodendrocytes and spermatocytes. In an effort to gain insight into the physiological and pathological settings where Fbxo7 is likely to play a key role, we sought to define the transcription factors which direct FBXO7 expression. Using sequence alignments across 28 species, we defined the human FBXO7 promoter and found that it contains two conserved regions enriched for multiple transcription factor binding sites. Many of these have roles in either neuronal or haematopoietic development. Using various FBXO7 promoter reporters, we found ELF4, Pax5 and c-Myb have functional binding sites that activate transcription. Overlap of Pax5 and c-Myb binding sites suggest that these factors bind cooperatively to transactivate the FBXO7 promoter. Although endogenous Pax5 is bound to the FBXO7 promoter in B cells, c-Myb is also required for FBXO7 expression. Our data suggest the interplay of multiple transcription factors regulate the FBXO7 promoter.

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