scholarly journals The Role of the Sex Chromosomes in the Inheritance of Species Specific Traits of the Shape of the Copulatory Organ in Drosophila

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex M. Kulikov ◽  
Svetlana Yu. Sorokina ◽  
Anton I. Melnikov ◽  
Nick G. Gornostaev ◽  
Dmitriy G. Seleznev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Copulatory Organ ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Epigenetic Factors ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Paternal Genotype

The sex chromosomes of the parental species, D. virilis and D. lummei were tested for the effect on trait dominance in the shape of the copulatory system in the interspecific crosses. The origin of the sex chromosome and the paternal genotype were found to affect the trait dominance in D. lummei × D. virilis progeny and backcross males heterozygous for the autosomes. A correlated variability analysis showed that the two sex chromosomes exert unidirectional effects, shifting dominance towards the conspecific phenotype. The effect of the X chromosome is to a great extent determined by epigenetic factors associated with the paternal genotype.

scholarly journals The Effects of the Sex Chromosomes on the Inheritance of Species Specific Traits of the Shape of the Copulatory Organ in Drosophila virilis and Drosophila lummei

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex M Kulikov ◽  
Svetlana Yu Sorokina ◽  
Anton I Melnikov ◽  
Nick G Gornostaev ◽  
Dmitriy G Seleznev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Copulatory Organ ◽  
Male Parent ◽  
Drosophila Virilis ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Epistatic Interactions ◽  
Epigenetic Effects ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract Background. It is well known that the shape of the male copulatory system is strongly associated with mating behavior in Drosophila. The shape of the male genitalia is also known as the most rapidly evolving structure among all morphological characters. However, only a part of the male copulating system, namely epandrium, has actually been used as the only model to study the genetic basis of species-specific differences in the shape of the copulatory system in D. simulans and D. mauritiana. Almost nothing is known about the effects of both sex chromosomes on the shape of the male mating organ. Results. Seven factors were isolated that describe variation of different parts of the male mating organ. The shape of the male mating organ depends on the combination of the sex chromosome status, the autosome status, and the male parent identity as an epigenetic factor. The effect of the male parent identity is possibly mediated through the epigenetic marking of chromosomes in interspecific hybrids during gametogenesis and a subsequent effect of the resulting signatures on the ontogeny of offspring. Epistatic interactions of the sex chromosomes and autosomes and epigenetic effects of the male parent origin from interspecific crosses influence the expression of species-specific traits in the shape of the male copulatory system. Conclusions. Epistatic interactions of the sex chromosomes and autosomes and epigenetic effects of the male parent origin from interspecific crosses influence the expression of species-specific traits in the shape of the male copulatory system. It can be assumed that sexual selection for specific genes associated with male traits implemented in the courtship ritual prevents the well-known effect of demasculinization of the X chromosome.

scholarly journals The effects of the sex chromosomes on the inheritance of species-specific traits of the copulatory organ shape in Drosophila virilis and Drosophila lummei

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0244339
Author(s):  
Alex M. Kulikov ◽  
Svetlana Yu. Sorokina ◽  
Anton I. Melnikov ◽  
Nick G. Gornostaev ◽  
Dmitriy G. Seleznev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Male Copulatory Organ ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Copulatory Organ ◽  
Drosophila Virilis ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Epistatic Interactions ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Male Genital

The shape of the male genitalia in many taxa is the most rapidly evolving morphological structure, often driving reproductive isolation, and is therefore widely used in systematics as a key character to distinguish between sibling species. However, only a few studies have used the genital arch of the male copulatory organ as a model to study the genetic basis of species-specific differences in the Drosophila copulatory system. Moreover, almost nothing is known about the effects of the sex chromosomes on the shape of the male mating organ. In our study, we used a set of crosses between D. virilis and D. lummei and applied the methods of quantitative genetics to assess the variability of the shape of the male copulatory organ and the effects of the sex chromosomes and autosomes on its variance. Our results showed that the male genital shape depends on the species composition of the sex chromosomes and autosomes. Epistatic interactions of the sex chromosomes with autosomes and the species origin of the Y-chromosome in a male in interspecific crosses also influenced the expression of species-specific traits in the shape of the male copulatory system. Overall, the effects of sex chromosomes were comparable to the effects of autosomes despite the great differences in gene numbers between them. It may be reasonably considered that sexual selection for specific genes associated with the shape of the male mating organ prevents the demasculinization of the X chromosome.

scholarly journals Sex chromosome evolution: historical insights and future perspectives

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1854) ◽  
pp. 20162806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica K. Abbott ◽  
Anna K. Nordén ◽  
Bengt Hansson
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosome Evolution ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Sex Chromosome Evolution ◽  
Current Thinking

Many separate-sexed organisms have sex chromosomes controlling sex determination. Sex chromosomes often have reduced recombination, specialized (frequently sex-specific) gene content, dosage compensation and heteromorphic size. Research on sex determination and sex chromosome evolution has increased over the past decade and is today a very active field. However, some areas within the field have not received as much attention as others. We therefore believe that a historic overview of key findings and empirical discoveries will put current thinking into context and help us better understand where to go next. Here, we present a timeline of important conceptual and analytical models, as well as empirical studies that have advanced the field and changed our understanding of the evolution of sex chromosomes. Finally, we highlight gaps in our knowledge so far and propose some specific areas within the field that we recommend a greater focus on in the future, including the role of ecology in sex chromosome evolution and new multilocus models of sex chromosome divergence.

scholarly journals Sex chromosome evolution among amniotes: is the origin of sex chromosomes non-random?

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1833) ◽  
pp. 20200108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukáš Kratochvíl ◽  
Tony Gamble ◽  
Michail Rovatsos
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosome Evolution ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Divergent Evolution ◽  
Random Pattern ◽  
Sex Chromosome Evolution ◽  
Great Opportunity

Sex chromosomes are a great example of a convergent evolution at the genomic level, having evolved dozens of times just within amniotes. An intriguing question is whether this repeated evolution was random, or whether some ancestral syntenic blocks have significantly higher chance to be co-opted for the role of sex chromosomes owing to their gene content related to gonad development. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the evolutionary history of sex determination and sex chromosomes in amniotes and evaluate the hypothesis of non-random emergence of sex chromosomes. The current data on the origin of sex chromosomes in amniotes suggest that their evolution is indeed non-random. However, this non-random pattern is not very strong, and many syntenic blocks representing putatively independently evolved sex chromosomes are unique. Still, repeatedly co-opted chromosomes are an excellent model system, as independent co-option of the same genomic region for the role of sex chromosome offers a great opportunity for testing evolutionary scenarios on the sex chromosome evolution under the explicit control for the genomic background and gene identity. Future studies should use these systems more to explore the convergent/divergent evolution of sex chromosomes. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)’.

scholarly journals Interaction between sex-determining genes from two species: clues from Xenopus hybrids

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1833) ◽  
pp. 20200104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Álvaro S. Roco ◽  
Adrián Ruiz-García ◽  
Mónica Bullejos
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Ovarian Development ◽  
Chromosome Evolution ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Z Chromosome ◽  
Gonadal Differentiation ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Testicular Differentiation

Hybrids provide an interesting model to study the evolution of sex-determining genes and sex chromosome systems as they offer the opportunity to see how independently evolving sex-determining pathways interact in vivo . In this context, the genus Xenopus represents a stimulating model, since species with non-homologous sex chromosomes and different sex-determining genes have been identified. In addition, the possibility of interspecies breeding is favoured in this group, which arose by alloploidization events, with species ploidy ranging from 2 n = 2 x = 20 in X. tropicalis (the only diploid representative of the genus) to 2 n = 12 x = 108 in X. ruwenzoriensis . To study how two sex-determining genes interact in vivo , X. laevis × X. tropicali s hybrids were produced. Gonadal differentiation in these hybrids revealed that the dm-w gene is dominant over X. tropicalis male-determining sex chromosomes (Y or Z), even though the Y chromosome is dominant in X. tropicalis (Y > W>Z). In the absence of the dm-w gene (the Z chromosome from X. laevis is present), the W chromosome from X. tropicalis is able to trigger ovarian development. Testicular differentiation will take place in the absence of W chromosomes from any of the parental species. The dominance/recessivity relationships between these sex-determining loci in the context of either parental genome remains unknown. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)’.

scholarly journals Gene flow mediates the role of sex chromosome meiotic drive during complex speciation

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin D Meiklejohn ◽  
Emily L Landeen ◽  
Kathleen E Gordon ◽  
Thomas Rzatkiewicz ◽  
Sarah B Kingan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Population Genomics ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Hybrid Sterility ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Meiotic Drive ◽  
Hybrid Male ◽  
Local Sequence

During speciation, sex chromosomes often accumulate interspecific genetic incompatibilities faster than the rest of the genome. The drive theory posits that sex chromosomes are susceptible to recurrent bouts of meiotic drive and suppression, causing the evolutionary build-up of divergent cryptic sex-linked drive systems and, incidentally, genetic incompatibilities. To assess the role of drive during speciation, we combine high-resolution genetic mapping of X-linked hybrid male sterility with population genomics analyses of divergence and recent gene flow between the fruitfly species, Drosophila mauritiana and D. simulans. Our findings reveal a high density of genetic incompatibilities and a corresponding dearth of gene flow on the X chromosome. Surprisingly, we find that a known drive element recently migrated between species and, rather than contributing to interspecific divergence, caused a strong reduction in local sequence divergence, undermining the evolution of hybrid sterility. Gene flow can therefore mediate the effects of selfish genetic elements during speciation.

scholarly journals Evolutionary Variability of W-Linked Repetitive Content in Lacertid Lizards

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 531
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Suwala ◽  
Marie Altmanová ◽  
Sofia Mazzoleni ◽  
Emmanouela Karameta ◽  
Panayiotis Pafilis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Z Chromosome ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
W Chromosome ◽  
Squamate Reptiles ◽  
Lacertid Lizards ◽  
Species Specific

Lacertid lizards are a widely radiated group of squamate reptiles with long-term stable ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes. Despite their family-wide homology of Z-specific gene content, previous cytogenetic studies revealed significant variability in the size, morphology, and heterochromatin distribution of their W chromosome. However, there is little evidence about the accumulation and distribution of repetitive content on lacertid chromosomes, especially on their W chromosome. In order to expand our knowledge of the evolution of sex chromosome repetitive content, we examined the topology of telomeric and microsatellite motifs that tend to often accumulate on the sex chromosomes of reptiles in the karyotypes of 15 species of lacertids by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The topology of the above-mentioned motifs was compared to the pattern of heterochromatin distribution, as revealed by C-banding. Our results show that the topologies of the examined motifs on the W chromosome do not seem to follow a strong phylogenetic signal, indicating independent and species-specific accumulations. In addition, the degeneration of the W chromosome can also affect the Z chromosome and potentially also other parts of the genome. Our study provides solid evidence that the repetitive content of the degenerated sex chromosomes is one of the most evolutionary dynamic parts of the genome.

THE ROLE OF GENETICS AND OTHER PRENATAL FACTORS IN DISORDERS OF CHILDHOOD

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-317
Author(s):  
Josef Warkany ◽  
F. C. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Gene Pair ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
Round Table ◽  
X Chromosomes ◽  
Prenatal Factors ◽  
Biochemical Factor ◽  
Hereditary Factors

THE PHYSICIAN interested in the etiology of a disease should always try to ascertain as many etiologic factors as possible, because the causal pathogenic web can often be disturbed from different angles. Although hereditary factors will be the main topic of this round table, we shall stress that they never act in a vacuum. The genes direct the development of the embryo and fetus, but the development depends also upon an environment limited by the mother's body and surroundings. Certain terms are fundamental to an understanding of heredity: Chromosomes. The nuclear carriers of the hereditary factors, the genes. Each nucleated somatic cell of a person's body has 24 pairs of chromosomes, each pair carrying hundreds of genes. One member of each pair is derived from the person's mother and one from the father. In the female there are 23 pairs of autosomes (non-sex chromosomes) and 1 pair of like sex chromosomes (X-chromosomes). In the male there are 23 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of unlike sex chromosomes (one X and one Y-chromosome). Gene. The particulate biochemical factor responsible for a particular hereditary characteristic. As the genes are carried on the chromosomes, they also occur in pairs. Each pair occupies a particular locus on the chromosomes. Genes located at the same locus are termed alleles. A child gets 1 member of each gene pair from each parent. Sometimes by the rare event of mutation, a gene becomes changed into one that may function abnormally—a "pathologic" gene. Homozygote. An individual in whom the gene pair in question consists of 2 like genes. Heterozygote. An individual in whom the gene pair in question consists of unlike genes. Depending upon the type (dominant or recessive) and location (autosome or sex chromosome) of the gene, several types of inheritance patterns are possible.

The role of sex chromosomes in black fly evolution

Genome ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 538-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Feraday ◽  
K. G. Leonhardt ◽  
C. L. Brockhouse
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome Rearrangements ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Adaptive Process ◽  
Y Chromosomes

Sex chromosomes have been repeatedly implicated in the process of speciation of black flies and other nemotocerans. Arguments are presented here against the case that frequent differences between species in their sex chromosomes are based on (i) different average rates of differentiation of sex-linked and autosomal loci or (ii) the fact that the X and Y chromosomes are less numerous than autosomal chromosomes and so are more subject to the effects of drift and the random fixation of chromosome rearrangements. The argument is made that speciation in black flies and many other groups is an adaptive process and that differentiated sex-chromosome systems play a role in this process.Key words: black flies, sex chromosomes, speciation, evolution.

scholarly journals The genetic basis of a species-specific character in the Drosophila virilis species group.

Genetics ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
G S Spicer
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Drosophila Virilis ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Specific Character ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Dorsal Stripe

Abstract The genetic basis of the species-specific dorsal abdominal stripe of Drosophila novamexicana was examined. The dorsal stripe is present in D. novamexicana and absent in all other members of the Drosophila virilis species group. Interspecific crosses between D. novamexicana and genetically marked D. virilis revealed that all four of the autosomes (except the tiny dot chromosome, which was not marked) and the sex chromosomes (the X and Y chromosome effects could not be disentangled) showed a significant effect on the width of the dorsal stripe. All the autosomes act approximately additively; only minor interactions were detected among them. No significant maternal effects were found. This means that a minimum of five loci are involved in the character difference between the two species, and this is the maximum number that this technique could discern. These results suggest that, based on the number of factors involved in the character difference, the inheritance of this character should be considered polygenic, but because chromosome 2 (the largest chromosome in the species) contributed over half of the variance toward the character difference, it is best to consider the inheritance oligogenic based on effect. The implications of these findings are discussed in light of the importance of macromutation in speciation and the sex chromosome theory of speciation.

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