scholarly journals Episodic, Semantic, Pavlovian, and Procedural Cognitive Maps

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
José J. F. Ribas Fernandes ◽  
Clay B. Holroyd
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Cognitive Maps ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Cognitive Map ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Theoretical Construct ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Computational Properties

AbstractCurrent theories of planning associate the hippocampus with a cognitive map, a theoretical construct used to predict the consequences of actions. This formulation is problematic for two reasons: First, cognitive maps are traditionally conceptualized to generalize over individual episodes, which conflicts with evidence associating the hippocampus with episodic memory, and second, it fails to explain seemingly non-hippocampal forms of planning. Here we propose a novel theoretical framework that resolves these issues: each long-term memory system is a cognitive map, predicting consequences of actions based on its unique computational properties. It follows that hippocampal maps are episode-based and that semantic, procedural, and Pavlovian memories each implement a specialized map. We present evidence for each type of map from neuropsychology, neuroimaging and animal electrophysiology studies.

scholarly journals Hemispheric Asymmetries in Electroencephalogram Oscillations for Long-Term Memory Retrieval in Healthy Individuals

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 937
Author(s):  
Soyiba Jawed ◽  
Hafeez Ullah Amin ◽  
Aamir Saeed Malik ◽  
Ibrahima Faye
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Frontal Region ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Delta Band ◽  
The Right

The hemispherical encoding retrieval asymmetry (HERA) model, established in 1991, suggests that the involvement of the right prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the encoding process is less than that of the left PFC. The HERA model was previously validated for episodic memory in subjects with brain traumas or injuries. In this study, a revised HERA model is used to investigate long-term memory retrieval from newly learned video-based content for healthy individuals using electroencephalography. The model was tested for long-term memory retrieval in two retrieval sessions: (1) recent long-term memory (recorded 30 min after learning) and (2) remote long-term memory (recorded two months after learning). The results show that long-term memory retrieval in healthy individuals for the frontal region (theta and delta band) satisfies the revised HERA asymmetry model.

Two retrievals from a single cue: A bottleneck persists across episodic and semantic memory

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 1005-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska Orscheschek ◽  
Tilo Strobach ◽  
Torsten Schubert ◽  
Timothy Rickard
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Semantic Memory ◽  
Retrieval Practice ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Verbal Response ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Keypress Response ◽  
Unique Word

There is evidence in the literature that two retrievals from long-term memory cannot occur in parallel. To date, however, that work has explored only the case of two retrievals from newly acquired episodic memory. These studies demonstrated a retrieval bottleneck even after dual-retrieval practice. That retrieval bottleneck may be a global property of long-term memory retrieval, or it may apply only to the case of two retrievals from episodic memory. In the current experiments, we explored whether that apparent dual-retrieval bottleneck applies to the case of one retrieval from episodic memory and one retrieval from highly overlearned semantic memory. Across three experiments, subjects learned to retrieve a left or right keypress response form a set of 14 unique word cues (e.g., black—right keypress). In addition, they learned a verbal response which involved retrieving the antonym of the presented cue (e.g., black—“white”). In the dual-retrieval condition, subjects had to retrieve both the keypress response and the antonym word. The results suggest that the retrieval bottleneck is superordinate to specific long-term memory systems and holds across different memory components. In addition, the results support the assumption of a cue-level response chunking account of learned retrieval parallelism.

scholarly journals Decision-making increases episodic memory via post-encoding consolidation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishnu P. Murty ◽  
Sarah DuBrow ◽  
Lila Davachi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Perirhinal Cortex ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Mesolimbic System ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Behavioral Marker

AbstractThe ability for individuals to actively make decisions engages regions within the mesolimbic system and enhances memory for chosen items. In other behavioral contexts, mesolimbic engagement has been shown to enhance episodic memory by supporting consolidation. However, research has yet to investigate how consolidation may support interactions between decision-making and episodic memory. Across two studies, participants encoded items that were occluded by cover screens and could either actively decide which of two items to uncover or were pre-selected by the experimenter. In Study 1, we show that active decision-making reduces forgetting rates across an immediate and 24-hour memory test, a behavioral marker of consolidation. In Study 2, we use functional neuroimaging to characterize putative neural markers of memory consolidation by measuring post-encoding interactions between the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex (PRC). We show that choice-related striatal engagement is associated with increased post-encoding hippocampal-PRC interactions. Finally, we show that a previous reported relationship between choice-related striatal engagement and long-term memory is accounted for by post-encoding hippocampal-PRC interactions. Together these findings support a model by which actively deciding to encode information enhances subsequent consolidation mechanisms to preserve episodic memory for outcomes.

Test of the Role in Retention of Illustrations in Text

1980 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 204-206
Author(s):  
Philippe C. Duchastel
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Prose Passage ◽  
School Students ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Short Text

Illustrations in a text were hypothesized to enhance long-term memory of the text. The experiment varied the availability of illustrations (an illustrated prose passage versus a non-illustrated passage) and delay of retention (immediate posttests versus posttests given 2 wk. later). The passage was a short text on energy and the participants were high-school students. Illustrations did not enhance retention, which suggests the theory upon which the hypothesis was based needs to be refined. The functionally oriented theoretical framework was shown to be amenable to empirical test.

Investigating the Formation and Consolidation of Trust

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. A. Strachan ◽  
Anna á Váli Guttesen ◽  
Anika Smith ◽  
M. Gareth Gaskell ◽  
Steven Tipper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Implicit Learning ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Storage Device ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Gaze Behaviour

People make inferences about the trustworthiness of others based on their observed gaze behaviour. Faces that consistently look towards a target location are rated as more trustworthy than those that look away from the target. Representations of trust are important for future interactions; yet little is known about how they are consolidated in long-term memory. Sleep facilitates memory consolidation for incidentally-learned information and may therefore support the retention of trust representations. We investigated the consolidation of trust inferences across periods of sleep or wakefulness. In addition, we employed a memory cueing procedure (targeted memory reactivation, TMR) in a bid to strengthen certain trust memories over others. We observed no difference in the retention of trust inferences following delays of sleep or wakefulness, and there was no effect of TMR in either condition. Interestingly, trust inferences remained stable one week after learning, irrespective of the initial post-learning delay. A second experiment showed that this implicit learning occurs despite participants’ being unable to explicitly recall the gaze behaviour of specific faces immediately after encoding. Together, these results suggest that gist-like, social inferences are formed at the time of learning without retaining the original episodic memory and thus do not benefit from offline consolidation through replay. We discuss our findings in the context of a novel framework whereby trust judgements reflect an efficient, powerful, and adaptable storage device for social information.

scholarly journals Episodic memory: insights from semantic dementia

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1413) ◽  
pp. 1423-1434 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Hodges ◽  
Kim S. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Semantic Knowledge ◽  
Step Function ◽  
Semantic Dementia ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Source Discrimination ◽  
Memory Processes

Semantic dementia, also known as the temporal lobe variant of fronto– temporal dementia, results in a progressive yet relatively pure loss of semantic knowledge about words, objects and people, and is associated with asymmetric, focal atrophy of the antero–lateral temporal lobes. Semantic dementia provides a unique opportunity to study the organization of long–term memory particularly since initial observations suggested sparing of episodic memory. Recent studies reveal, however, a more complex but theoretically revealing pattern. On tests of autobiographical memory, patients with semantic dementia show a ‘reverse step function’ with sparing of recall of events from the most recent 2 to 5 years but impairment on more distant life periods. Anterograde recognition memory for visual materials is extremely well preserved, except in the most deteriorated cases, although performance is heavily reliant upon perceptual information about the studied stimuli, particularly for items that are no longer known by the subjects. On tests of verbal anterograde memory such as word learning, performance is typically poor even for words which are ‘known’ to the patients. A source discrimination experiment, designed to evaluate familiarity and recollection–based anterograde memory processes, found that patients with semantic dementia showed good item detection, although recollection of source was sometimes impaired. Semantic knowledge about studied items and measures of item detection and source discrimination were largely independent. The implications of these findings for models of long–term memory are discussed. The results support the concept that episodic memory, or at least the recall of temporally specific autobiographical experiences, draws upon a number of separable memory processes, some of which can function independently of semantic knowledge.

scholarly journals Varying demands for cognitive control reveals shared neural processes supporting semantic and episodic memory retrieval

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deniz Vatansever ◽  
Jonathan Smallwood ◽  
Elizabeth Jefferies
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe categorisation of long-term memory into semantic and episodic systems has been an influential catalyst for research on human memory organisation. However, the impact of variable cognitive control demands on this classical distinction remains to be elucidated. Across two independent experiments, here we directly compare neural processes for the controlled versus automatic retrieval of semantic and episodic memory. In a multi-session functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment, we first identify a common cluster of cortical activity centred on the left inferior frontal gyrus and anterior insular cortex for the retrieval of both weakly-associated semantic and weakly-encoded episodic memory traces. In an independent large-scale individual difference study, we further reveal a common neural circuitry in which reduced functional interaction between the identified cluster and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, a default mode network hub, is linked to better performance across both memory types. Our results provide evidence for shared neural processes supporting the controlled retrieval of information from functionally distinct long-term memory systems.

Experimental Effects of Acute Exercise on Episodic Memory Function: Considerations for the Timing of Exercise

2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 1744-1754 ◽  
Author(s):  
James T. Haynes ◽  
Emily Frith ◽  
Eveleen Sng ◽  
Paul D. Loprinzi
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Encoding ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

Our previous work employing a between-subject randomized controlled trial design suggests that exercising prior to memory encoding is more advantageous in enhancing retrospective episodic memory function when compared to exercise occurring during or after memory encoding. The present experiment evaluates this potential temporal effect of acute exercise on memory function while employing a within-subject, counterbalanced design. In a counterbalanced order (via Latin squares), 24 participants completed four visits including (1) exercising (moderate-intensity walking) prior to memory encoding, (2) exercising during memory encoding, (3) exercising after memory encoding, and (4) a control visit (no exercise). Retrospective memory function (short term and long term; 24-hour follow-up) was assessed from a multitrial word list. Prospective memory was assessed from a time-based task. Compared to all other visits, short-term memory was greater in the visit that involved exercising prior to memory encoding (F = 3.76; P = .01; η2 = .79). Similar results occurred for long-term memory, with no significant effects for prospective memory performance. We provide robust evidence demonstrating that acute moderate-intensity exercise prior to memory encoding is optimal in enhancing short-term and long-term memory function when compared to no exercise as well as exercising during and after memory encoding.

scholarly journals Decision-making Increases Episodic Memory via Postencoding Consolidation

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 1308-1317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishnu P. Murty ◽  
Sarah DuBrow ◽  
Lila Davachi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Perirhinal Cortex ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Mesolimbic System ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Behavioral Marker

The ability for individuals to actively make decisions engages regions within the mesolimbic system and enhances memory for chosen items. In other behavioral contexts, mesolimbic engagement has been shown to enhance episodic memory by supporting consolidation. However, research has yet to investigate how consolidation may support interactions between decision-making and episodic memory. Across two studies, participants encoded items that were covered by occluder screens and could either actively decide which of two items to uncover or an item was preselected by the experimenter. In Study 1, we show that active decision-making reduces forgetting rates across an immediate and 24-hr memory test, a behavioral marker of consolidation. In Study 2, we use functional neuroimaging to characterize putative neural markers of memory consolidation by measuring interactions between the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex (PRC) during a postencoding period that reexposed participants to elements of the decision-making context without exposing them to memoranda. We show that choice-related striatal engagement is associated with increased postencoding hippocampal–PRC interactions. Finally, we show that a previous reported relationship between choice-related striatal engagement and long-term memory is accounted for by these postencoding hippocampal–PRC interactions. Together, these findings support a model by which actively deciding to encode information enhances memory consolidation to preserve episodic memory for outcomes, a process that may be facilitated by reexposure to the original decision-making context.

scholarly journals Dopamine is associated with prioritization of reward-associated memories in Parkinson’s disease

Brain ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (8) ◽  
pp. 2519-2531
Author(s):  
Madeleine E Sharp ◽  
Katherine Duncan ◽  
Karin Foerde ◽  
Daphna Shohamy
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Episodic Encoding ◽  
Stimulus Value

Abstract Patients with Parkinson’s disease have reduced reward sensitivity related to dopaminergic neuron loss, which is associated with impairments in reinforcement learning. Increasingly, however, dopamine-dependent reward signals are recognized to play an important role beyond reinforcement learning. In particular, it has been shown that reward signals mediated by dopamine help guide the prioritization of events for long-term memory consolidation. Meanwhile, studies of memory in patients with Parkinson’s disease have focused on overall memory capacity rather than what is versus what isn’t remembered, leaving open questions about the effect of dopamine replacement on the prioritization of memories by reward and the time-dependence of this effect. The current study sought to fill this gap by testing the effect of reward and dopamine on memory in patients with Parkinson’s disease. We tested the effect of dopamine modulation and reward on two forms of long-term memory: episodic memory for neutral objects and memory for stimulus-value associations. We measured both forms of memory in a single task, adapting a standard task of reinforcement learning with incidental episodic encoding events of trial-unique objects. Objects were presented on each trial at the time of feedback, which was either rewarding or not. Memory for the trial-unique images and for the stimulus-value associations, and the influence of reward on both, was tested immediately after learning and 2 days later. We measured performance in Parkinson’s disease patients tested either ON or OFF their dopaminergic medications and in healthy older control subjects. We found that dopamine was associated with a selective enhancement of memory for reward-associated images, but that it did not influence overall memory capacity. Contrary to predictions, this effect did not differ between the immediate and delayed memory tests. We also found that while dopamine had an effect on reward-modulated episodic memory, there was no effect of dopamine on memory for stimulus-value associations. Our results suggest that impaired prioritization of cognitive resource allocation may contribute to the early cognitive deficits of Parkinson’s disease.

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