scholarly journals Intraspecific variation in indirect plant-soil feedbacks as a driver of a wetland plant invasion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warwick J. Allen ◽  
Laura A. Meyerson ◽  
Andrew J. Flick ◽  
James T. Cronin
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Intraspecific Variation ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Soil Biota ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Soil Legacy

ABSTRACTPlant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) can influence plant competition via direct interactions with pathogens and mutualists or indirectly via apparent competition/mutualisms (i.e., spillover to cooccurring plants) and soil legacy effects. Presently, it is unknown how intraspecific variation in PSFs interacts with the environment (e.g., nutrient availability) to influence competition between native and invasive plants. We conducted a fully crossed multi-factor greenhouse experiment to determine the effects of soil biota, interspecific competition, and nutrient availability on biomass of replicate populations from one native and two invasive lineages of common reed (Phragmites australis) and a single lineage of native smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora). Harmful soil biota consistently dominated PSFs involving all three P. australis lineages, reducing biomass by 10%, regardless of nutrient availability or S. alterniflora presence as a competitor. Spillover of soil biota derived from the rhizosphere of the two invasive P. australis lineages reduced S. alterniflora biomass by 7%, whereas soil biota from the native P. australis lineage increased S. alterniflora biomass by 6%. Interestingly, regardless of lineage, P. australis soil biota negatively affected S. alterniflora biomass when grown alone (i.e., a soil legacy), but had a positive impact when grown with P. australis, suggesting that P. australis is preferred by harmful generalist soil biota or facilitates S. alterniflora via spillover (i.e., apparent mutualism). Soil biota also reduced the negative impacts of interspecific competition on S. alterniflora by 13%, although it remained competitively inferior to P. australis across all treatments. Moreover, competitive interactions and the response to nutrients did not differ among P. australis lineages, indicating that interspecific competition and nutrient deposition may not be key drivers of P. australis invasion in North America. Taken together, although soil biota, interspecific competition, and nutrient availability appear to have no direct impact on the success of invasive P. australis lineages in North America, indirect spillover and soil legacies from P. australis occur and may have important implications for co-occurring native species and restoration of invaded habitats. Our study integrates multiple factors linked to plant invasions, highlighting that indirect interactions are likely commonplace in driving successful invasions and their impacts on the local community.

Disturbance influences the outcome of plant-soil biota interactions in the invasive Acacia longifolia and in native species

Oikos ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 119 (7) ◽  
pp. 1172-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luís M. Carvalho ◽  
Pedro M. Antunes ◽  
M. Amélia Martins-Loução ◽  
John N. Klironomos
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Soil Biota ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Acacia Longifolia

scholarly journals Exotic plants accumulate and share herbivores yet dominate communities via rapid growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Warwick J. Allen ◽  
Lauren P. Waller ◽  
Barbara I. P. Barratt ◽  
Ian A. Dickie ◽  
Jason M. Tylianakis
Keyword(s):  
Plant Invasions ◽  
Exotic Plants ◽  
Apparent Competition ◽  
Indirect Interactions ◽  
Soil Biota ◽  
Exotic Plant Invasion ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Invasion Hypotheses ◽  
Plant Herbivore ◽  
Invertebrate Herbivores

AbstractHerbivores may facilitate or impede exotic plant invasion, depending on their direct and indirect interactions with exotic plants relative to co-occurring natives. However, previous studies investigating direct effects have mostly used pairwise native-exotic comparisons with few enemies, reached conflicting conclusions, and largely overlooked indirect interactions such as apparent competition. Here, we ask whether native and exotic plants differ in their interactions with invertebrate herbivores. We manipulate and measure plant-herbivore and plant-soil biota interactions in 160 experimental mesocosm communities to test several invasion hypotheses. We find that compared with natives, exotic plants support higher herbivore diversity and biomass, and experience larger proportional biomass reductions from herbivory, regardless of whether specialist soil biota are present. Yet, exotics consistently dominate community biomass, likely due to their fast growth rates rather than strong potential to exert apparent competition on neighbors. We conclude that polyphagous invertebrate herbivores are unlikely to play significant direct or indirect roles in mediating plant invasions, especially for fast-growing exotic plants.

Exploring the motivations of tourism social entrepreneurs

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1137-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziene Mottiar
Keyword(s):  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
National Strategy ◽  
Social Entrepreneurs ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Tourism Destinations

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the motivations of social entrepreneurs. It explores the case of the Gathering in Ireland in 2013, when against a backdrop of recession, the national Government encouraged individuals and communities to organize events and invite the Diaspora to visit Ireland as a way of helping the country to revitalize. Some 5,000 events took place across the country during the year, and this paper examines this in the context of social entrepreneurship. Three research questions are posed: Who were these tourism and social entrepreneurs who organized events as a result of the Gathering? What motivated them to engage in these activities? Will this social entrepreneurship activity be maintained beyond 2013 and how has it been impacted by the Gathering? Design/methodology/approach The empirical research was conducted in two counties in Ireland, Co. Kerry and Co. Westmeath. The research tools used were key informant interviews, a survey of event organizers and focus groups. Findings Key findings show that the Gathering has resulted in the emergence of new social entrepreneurs, but it has also had a positive impact on those who had run their events before, as it made them be more strategic in the way they planned and ran their event and also resulted in them thinking about these events in terms of tourists rather than just the local community. They also developed new skills which will aid their future development. It is clear that social entrepreneurs can play a fundamental role in the development of tourism destinations, and this is an important topic for researchers in tourism to be concerned about. Originality/value The originality of this paper lies in the fact that it addresses the issue of motivation of social entrepreneurs and challenges us to think more about how these types of entrepreneurs identify the problem that they will address. Furthermore, this case shows that the motivation for such action can be prompted by a national strategy, rather than as the literature heretofore represented it as an innate motivation that materialized and developed within particular individuals.

scholarly journals North American channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus: a neglected but potentially invasive freshwater fish species?

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 1563-1576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip J. Haubrock ◽  
Gordon H. Copp ◽  
Iva Johović ◽  
Paride Balzani ◽  
Alberto F. Inghilesi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Ictalurus Punctatus ◽  
Channel Catfish ◽  
North American ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Assessment Protocol ◽  
South Italy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
North And South

AbstractThe North American channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus has been introduced to several locations in Europe but has received little or no scientific study despite its invasive attributes, including prolific reproduction, tolerance to a wide range of conditions, opportunistic feeding, at least partial ‘predator release’, and some evidence of environmental impacts (e.g. disease transmission). To assess the species’ potential invasiveness and the likely risks to native species and ecosystems in Europe, available literature from both North America and Europe was reviewed and used to carry out risk screenings of the species for the risk assessment areas, North and South Italy, using the Aquatic Invasiveness Screening Kit (AS-ISK), which was followed by a more detailed evaluation (for both North America and Europe) of the species’ potential impacts using the Environmental Impact Classification of Alien Taxa (EICAT) assessment protocol. The AS-ISK score indicated that channel catfish is likely to pose a high risk of being invasive in both North and South Italy, with EICAT scores indicating “Major” impacts for both North America and Europe, at high and medium confidence levels, respectively. The present results emphasise the urgent need to carry out in-depth studies on introduced populations of this species to understand better its invasive potential so as to inform management decisions on the appropriate control or eradication measures for invaded water bodies.

scholarly journals Plant-Soil Relationships ofBromus tectorumL.: Interactions among Labile Carbon Additions, Soil Invasion Status, and Fertilizer

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert R. Blank ◽  
James A. Young
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Invasive Potential ◽  
Labile Carbon ◽  
Available N ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Exotic Grass ◽  
Carbon Additions

Invasion of western North America by the annual exotic grassBromus tectorumL. (cheatgrass) has been an ecological disaster. High soil bioavailability of nitrogen is a contributing factor in the invasive potential ofB. tectorum. Application of labile carbon sources to the soil can immobilize soil nitrogen and favor native species. We studied the interaction of labile carbon addition (sucrose), with soil invasion status and fertilizer addition on the growth ofB. tectorum. Soils were noninvaded (BNI) andB. tectoruminvaded (BI). Treatments were control, sucrose, combined fertilizer, and sucrose + fertilizer. The greenhouse experiment continued for 3 growth-cycles. After the 1st growth-cycle, sucrose addition reducedB. tectorumaboveground mass almost 70 times for the BI soil but did not significantly reduce growth in the BNI soil.B. tectorumaboveground mass, after the 1st growth-cycle, was over 27 times greater for BI control soils than BNI control soils. Although sucrose addition reduced soil-solution , tissue N was not significantly lowered, suggesting that reduction of soil available N may not be solely responsible for reduction inB. tectorumgrowth. Noninvaded soil inhibits growth ofB. tectorum. Understanding this mechanism may lead to viable control strategies.

scholarly journals [Gazi Husrev Beg: The Philantropist Who Develop Waqf in Sarajevo] Gazi Husrev Beg: Dermawan yang Membangunkan Wakaf di Sarajevo

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
Nur Ainul Basyirah Alias ◽  
Ermy Azziaty Rozali
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Building Maintenance ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The City ◽  
Commercial Center

Abstract This research is discuss about the important figure in the development of waqf in Sarajevo by the governor of Bosnia in the 16th century, Gazi Husrev Beg. His important role in developing the city of Sarajevo through his waqf institutions had a positive impact on the local community. Sarajevo, which was originally a small settlement changed into a well-organized city and a thriving trading center in the early 16th century. Although Gazi Husrev Beg was not a pioneer of waqf establishment in Sarajevo, but the development of the city of Sarajevo was seen to reach its peak after his waqf institution, especially the waqf complex and bezistan (closed market) began to be built. Therefore, this writing aims to examine the waqf of Gazi Husrev Beg in Sarajevo as well as look at the development of the city as a result of his waqf. The methodology of this research is focused on information obtained from library research such as books, journal articles, theses and websites. In addition, this study also obtained data from the Medrese Kurshumliya Museum which is a museum within the Gazi Husrev Beg waqf complex. Thus, the findings of this research identify that Gazi Husrev Beg had his own waqf complex as commonly did by the Ottoman rulers in Anatolia. In addition to establishing waqf institutions, he and his wife, Shahdidar also provided loans to businessmen through the money invested by them, subsequently setting the interest for each loan at the rate allowed by the fatwa of the Ottoman mufti. Through the benefits of the loan, it is change into cash waqf to be channeled for building maintenance and payment of salaries for employees at the waqf institution with the existence of this waqf building, the city of Sarajevo developed into an important administrative and commercial center throughout the era of Ottoman rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Keywords: Gazi Husrev Beg, Ottoman Sarajevo, waqf history, waqf complex   Abstrak   Kajian ini membincangkan berkaitan tokoh penting dalam pembangunan wakaf di Sarajevo oleh gabenor Bosnia pada abad ke-16M, iaitu Gazi Husrev Beg. Peranan penting beliau dalam memajukan bandar Sarajevo melalui institusi wakaf miliknya memberikan impak yang positif kepada masyarakat tempatan. Sarajevo yang pada awalnya merupakan penempatan kecil berubah landskap menjadi sebuah bandar yang tersusun dan pusat perdagangan yang pesat bermula awal abad ke-16M. Walaupun Gazi Husrev Beg bukanlah pelopor kepada pembinaan wakaf di Sarajevo, tetapi kemajuan bandar Sarajevo dilihat mencapai kemuncaknya setelah institusi wakaf beliau terutamanya kompleks wakaf serta bezistan (pasar tertutup) mula dibina. Oleh yang demikian, penulisan ini bertujuan untuk meneliti wakaf Gazi Husrev Beg di Sarajevo serta melihat pembangunan bandar tersebut hasil wakaf beliau. Metodologi kajian ini adalah tertumpu kepada maklumat yang didapati daripada kajian kepustakaan seperti buku, artikel jurnal, tesis dan laman sesawang. Selain itu, kajian ini juga mendapatkan data daripada Muzium medrese Kurshumliya, iaitu sebuah muzium di dalam kompleks wakaf Gazi Husrev Beg. Justeru, dapatan kajian mengenal pasti bahawa Gazi Husrev Beg mempunyai kompleks wakafnya sendiri seperti mana yang biasa dilakukan oleh pemerintah ‘Uthmaniyyah di Anatolia. Selain menubuhkan institusi wakaf, beliau dan juga isterinya, Shahdidar turut memberikan pinjaman kepada para ahli perniagaan melalui wang yang dilaburkan oleh mereka, seterusnya menetapkan faedah bagi setiap pinjaman dengan kadar yang dibenarkan oleh fatwa mufti kerajaan ‘Uthmaniyyah. Melalui faedah pinjaman tersebut, ia dijadikan wakaf tunai untuk disalurkan untuk penyelenggaraan bangunan dan pembayaran gaji para pekerja di institusi wakafnya. Dengan kewujudan bangunan wakaf ini, bandar Sarajevo berkembang menjadi pusat pentadbiran dan perdagangan yang penting di sepanjang era pemerintahan ‘Uthmaniyyah di Bosnia dan Herzegovina. Kata kunci: Gazi Husrev Beg, Sarajevo era ‘Uthmani, Sejarah wakaf, Kompleks wakaf

scholarly journals Compensation in hazardous facility siting : ban analysis of compensatory agreements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Wrzal
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Case Analysis ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Facility Siting ◽  
Collaborative Process ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Initial Capital

Although theoretically the voluntary site strategy has been commended for its success at solving local community problems, there has been a small number of siting successes actually achieved. This study investigates the approach of negotiated compensation and reward in the collaborative process under which willing individuals can come to an agreement concerning the siting of a noxious facility. Elaborating upon Kuhn and Ballard's (1998) optimistic conclusions regarding the progress of facility siting approaches in North America, the study investigated the true nature of collaborative theory in a case analysis of environmentally hazardous facility projects. The result suggest the compensation is an effective tool in the siting process. The analysis indicates that there has been an evolution in the nature of community agreements over the last ten years into more sophisticated allocations of benefits and burdens. The study also concludes that direct costs allocated by proponents for the purpose of compensation remain low and relatively small when compare to the estimated initial capital of the projects.

scholarly journals A two-phase plant-soil feedback experiment to explore biotic influences on Phragmites australis invasion in North American wetlands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Lee ◽  
Thomas J. Mozdzer ◽  
Samantha K. Chapman ◽  
M. Gonzalez Mateu ◽  
A. H. Baldwin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Phragmites Australis ◽  
Biotic Resistance ◽  
Soil Microbial Communities ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Soil Mesocosms ◽  
Soil Feedback ◽  
Resistance To Invasion

Plants can cultivate soil microbial communities that affect subsequent plant growth through a plant-soil feedback (PSF).  Strong evidence indicates that PSFs can mediate the invasive success of exotic upland plants, but many of the most invasive plants occur in wetlands.  In North America, the rapid spread of European Phragmites australis cannot be attributed to innate physiological advantages, thus PSFs may mediate invasion. Here we apply a two-phase fully-factorial plant-soil feedback design in which field-derived soil inocula were conditioned using saltmarsh plants and then were added to sterile soil mesocosms and planted with each plant type.  This design allowed us to assess complete soil biota effects on intraspecific PSFs between native and introduced P. australis as well as heterospecific feedbacks between P. australis and the native wetland grass, Spartina patens. Our results demonstrate that native P. australis experienced negative conspecific feedbacks while introduced P. australis experienced neutral conspecific feedbacks.  Interestingly, S. patens soil inocula inhibited growth in both lineages of P. australis while introduced and native P. australis inocula promoted the growth of S. patens suggestive of biotic resistance against P. australis invasion by S. patens . Our findings suggest that PSFs are not directly promoting the invasion of introduced P. australis in North America. Furthermore, native plants like S. patens seem to exhibit soil microbe mediated biotic resistance to invasion which highlights the importance of disturbance in mediating introduced P. australis invasion.

scholarly journals Eksistensi Atraksi Pariwisata Di Daya Tarik Wisata Toya Devasya Kintamani (Suatu Studi Pustaka)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 387
Author(s):  
Ni Made Ayuk Putriani ◽  
I Gusti Agung Oka Mahagangga
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Tourist Attraction ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
International Tourist ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Multiple Impact

           Toya devasya is tourist attraction located ini Kintamani subdistrict, Bangli regency. Domestic tourist and international tourist very interested with toya devasya, we should give an appreciation due to management, strategy and travel products, toya devasya felt very fast to built its identity, very interesting and give multiple impact to the local community. Toursm activities have very interesting that sustainability must be pursued. Secondary sources show that the management has made a good effort to manage and establish harmony with the local community. This situation must be pursued for the sustainability of tourism development Method of this research is literature study and the data are qualitative and quantitative, the data source is secondary data by using article tourism science, book and the internet source. The results obtained is the toursm activitiy has not had a positive impact to the local community and the management seem like they are not involved the community in making a decisions, policy maker, to get a benefit from toursm activities. Keywords: Exsistence, tourist attraction, Local Community, Toya Devasya

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document