scholarly journals Effects of LSD on music-evoked brain activity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mendel Kaelen ◽  
Romy Lorenz ◽  
Frederick Barrett ◽  
Leor Roseman ◽  
Csaba Orban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Music Perception ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Brain Networks ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
Acoustic Features ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Psychedelic Drugs ◽  
Time Courses

AbstractMusic is a highly dynamic stimulus, and consists of distinct acoustic features, such as pitch, rhythm and timbre. Neuroimaging studies highlight a hierarchy of brain networks involved in music perception. Psychedelic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) temporary disintegrate the normal hierarchy of brain functioning, and produce profound subjective effects, including enhanced music-evoked emotion. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the acute effects of LSD on music-evoked brain-activity under naturalistic music listening conditions. 16 healthy participants were enrolled in magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while listening to a 7-minute music piece under eyes-closed conditions on two separate visits (LSD (75 mcg) and placebo). Dynamic time courses for acoustic features were extracted from the music excerpts, and were entered into subject-level fMRI analyses as regressors of interest. Differences between conditions were assessed at group level subsequently, and were related to changes in music-evoked emotions via correlation analyses. Psycho-physiological interactions (PPIs) were carried out to further interrogate underlying music-specific changes in functional connectivity under LSD. Results showed pronounced cortical and subcortical changes in music-evoked brain activity under LSD. Most notable changes in brain activity and connectivity were associated with the component timbral complexity, representing the complexity of the music’s spectral distribution, and these occurred in brain networks previously identified for music-perception and music-evoked emotion, and showed an association with enhanced music-evoked feelings of wonder under LSD. The findings shed light on how the brain processes music under LSD, and provide a neurobiological basis for the usefulness of music in psychedelic therapy.

Mozart in Us: How the Brain Processes Music

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-106
Author(s):  
Eckart O Altenmüller ◽  
Marc W Bangert ◽  
Gundhild Liebert ◽  
Wilfried Gruhn
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Music Perception ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Teaching Strategy ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
Ear Training ◽  
Auditory Learning ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Factors Influencing

The increase of studies on brain activity during music listening and processing has generated a puzzling, and in many instances contradictory, variety of findings. Besides methodological reasons, e.g., different brain imaging procedures and the nature of applied stimuli, other factors must account for the observed variety. The objective of the present paper is to illustrate individual factors influencing brain networks during music processing. In three longitudinal follow-up studies, changes in cortical activation patterns due to long-term ear training, to short-term ear training, and to piano training could be demonstrated. Among the factors influencing brain activity during music learning, the instructor’s teaching strategy and the individual’s instrumental training were of importance. The authors propose that neuronal networks related to music processing reflect the individual’s auditory biography, i.e., the personal experiences during auditory learning. The authors therefore conclude that in “high-order” musical processing, many and individually connected brain areas underlie music perception. It seems plausible to assume that the increased neuronal connectivity improves cognitive abilities in general.

scholarly journals Altered EEG Oscillatory Brain Networks During Music-Listening in Major Depression

2020 ◽  
pp. 2150001
Author(s):  
Yongjie Zhu ◽  
Xiaoyu Wang ◽  
Klaus Mathiak ◽  
Petri Toiviainen ◽  
Tapani Ristaniemi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Music Perception ◽  
Brain Networks ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Acoustic Feature ◽  
Lateral Component ◽  
Feature Processing ◽  
Musical Feature

To examine the electrophysiological underpinnings of the functional networks involved in music listening, previous approaches based on spatial independent component analysis (ICA) have recently been used to ongoing electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG). However, those studies focused on healthy subjects, and failed to examine the group-level comparisons during music listening. Here, we combined group-level spatial Fourier ICA with acoustic feature extraction, to enable group comparisons in frequency-specific brain networks of musical feature processing. It was then applied to healthy subjects and subjects with major depressive disorder (MDD). The music-induced oscillatory brain patterns were determined by permutation correlation analysis between individual time courses of Fourier-ICA components and musical features. We found that (1) three components, including a beta sensorimotor network, a beta auditory network and an alpha medial visual network, were involved in music processing among most healthy subjects; and that (2) one alpha lateral component located in the left angular gyrus was engaged in music perception in most individuals with MDD. The proposed method allowed the statistical group comparison, and we found that: (1) the alpha lateral component was activated more strongly in healthy subjects than in the MDD individuals, and that (2) the derived frequency-dependent networks of musical feature processing seemed to be altered in MDD participants compared to healthy subjects. The proposed pipeline appears to be valuable for studying disrupted brain oscillations in psychiatric disorders during naturalistic paradigms.

scholarly journals Evaluation of An Interactive Music Awareness Program for Cochlear Implant Recipients

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel M. van Besouw ◽  
Benjamin R. Oliver ◽  
Mary L. Grasmeder ◽  
Sarah M. Hodkinson ◽  
Heidi Solheim
Keyword(s):  
Cochlear Implant ◽  
Music Perception ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
Interactive Music ◽  
Awareness Program ◽  
Instrument Recognition ◽  
Phase Group ◽  
Group 2

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a prototype interactive music awareness program (IMAP) for adult cochlear implant (CI) users. An unblinded, randomized crossover design was used. Twenty-one CI users were recruited and allocated to two groups. Group 1 received the IMAP first, followed by a retention of learning phase. Group 2 were given the IMAP after 12 weeks. Participants were instructed to undertake two half-hour sessions per week at home over 12 weeks. Both groups attended appointments at the start, halfway through, and at the end of the trial. At each appointment participants completed tests of speech perception, melodic contour identification, and instrument recognition, rated the sound quality of music, and indicated their music listening habits. Sixteen participants completed the study. Following training both groups showed improved instrument recognition abilities and feedback suggests further positive impact on participants’ lives. The findings suggest that the IMAP is beneficial for music perception and in particular, improved instrument recognition.

scholarly journals Multivariate Predictors of Music Perception and Appraisal by Adult Cochlear Implant Users

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (02) ◽  
pp. 120-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Gfeller ◽  
Jacob Oleson ◽  
John F. Knutson ◽  
Patrick Breheny ◽  
Virginia Driscoll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Speech Recognition ◽  
Cochlear Implant ◽  
Music Perception ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Hearing Aid Use ◽  
Music Appraisal

The research examined whether performance by adult cochlear implant recipients on a variety of recognition and appraisal tests derived from real-world music could be predicted from technological, demographic, and life experience variables, as well as speech recognition scores. A representative sample of 209 adults implanted between 1985 and 2006 participated. Using multiple linear regression models and generalized linear mixed models, sets of optimal predictor variables were selected that effectively predicted performance on a test battery that assessed different aspects of music listening. These analyses established the importance of distinguishing between the accuracy of music perception and the appraisal of musical stimuli when using music listening as an index of implant success. Importantly, neither device type nor processing strategy predicted music perception or music appraisal. Speech recognition performance was not a strong predictor of music perception, and primarily predicted music perception when the test stimuli included lyrics. Additionally, limitations in the utility of speech perception in predicting musical perception and appraisal underscore the utility of music perception as an alternative outcome measure for evaluating implant outcomes. Music listening background, residual hearing (i.e., hearing aid use), cognitive factors, and some demographic factors predicted several indices of perceptual accuracy or appraisal of music. La investigación examinó si el desempeño, por parte de adultos receptores de un implante coclear, sobre una variedad de pruebas de reconocimiento y evaluación derivadas de la música del mundo real, podrían predecirse a partir de variables tecnológicas, demográficas y de experiencias de vida, así como de puntajes de reconocimiento del lenguaje. Participó una muestra representativa de 209 adultos implantados entre 1965 y el 2006. Usando múltiples modelos de regresión lineal y modelos mixtos lineales generalizados, se seleccionaron grupos de variables óptimas de predicción, que pudieran predecir efectivamente el desempeño por medio de una batería de pruebas que permitiera evaluar diferentes aspectos de la apreciación musical. Estos análisis establecieron la importancia de distinguir entre la exactitud en la percepción musical y la evaluación de estímulos musicales cuando se utiliza la apreciación musical como un índice de éxito en la implantación. Importantemente, ningún tipo de dispositivo o estrategia de procesamiento predijo la percepción o la evaluación musical. El desempeño en el reconocimiento del lenguaje no fue un elemento fuerte de predicción, y llegó a predecir primariamente la percepción musical cuando los estímulos de prueba incluyeron las letras. Adicionalmente, las limitaciones en la utilidad de la percepción del lenguaje a la hora de predecir la percepción y la evaluación musical, subrayan la utilidad de la percepción de la música como una medida alternativa de resultado para evaluar la implantación coclear. La música de fondo, la audición residual (p.e., el uso de auxiliares auditivos), los factores cognitivos, y algunos factores demográficos predijeron varios índices de exactitud y evaluación perceptual de la música.

Error-related Persistence of Motor Activity in Resting-state Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 1883-1901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolò F. Bernardi ◽  
Floris T. Van Vugt ◽  
Ricardo Ruy Valle-Mena ◽  
Shahabeddin Vahdat ◽  
David J. Ostry
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Networks ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Movement Training ◽  
Movement Error ◽  
Human Participants

The relationship between neural activation during movement training and the plastic changes that survive beyond movement execution is not well understood. Here we ask whether the changes in resting-state functional connectivity observed following motor learning overlap with the brain networks that track movement error during training. Human participants learned to trace an arched trajectory using a computer mouse in an MRI scanner. Motor performance was quantified on each trial as the maximum distance from the prescribed arc. During learning, two brain networks were observed, one showing increased activations for larger movement error, comprising the cerebellum, parietal, visual, somatosensory, and cortical motor areas, and the other being more activated for movements with lower error, comprising the ventral putamen and the OFC. After learning, changes in brain connectivity at rest were found predominantly in areas that had shown increased activation for larger error during task, specifically the cerebellum and its connections with motor, visual, and somatosensory cortex. The findings indicate that, although both errors and accurate movements are important during the active stage of motor learning, the changes in brain activity observed at rest primarily reflect networks that process errors. This suggests that error-related networks are represented in the initial stages of motor memory formation.

scholarly journals Decoding Human Emotional Faces in the Dog’s Brain

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raúl Hernández-Pérez ◽  
Luis Concha ◽  
Laura V. Cuaya
Keyword(s):  
Support Vector Machine Classifier ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Emotional Faces ◽  
Time Courses ◽  
Human Faces ◽  
Brain Fmri

AbstractDogs can interpret emotional human faces (especially the ones expressing happiness), yet the cerebral correlates of this process are unknown. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we studied eight awake and unrestrained dogs. In Experiment 1 dogs observed happy and neutral human faces, and found increased brain activity when viewing happy human faces in temporal cortex and caudate. In Experiment 2 the dogs were presented with human faces expressing happiness, anger, fear, or sadness. Using the resulting cluster from Experiment 1 we trained a linear support vector machine classifier to discriminate between pairs of emotions and found that it could only discriminate between happiness and the other emotions. Finally, evaluation of the whole-brain fMRI time courses through a similar classifier allowed us to predict the emotion being observed by the dogs. Our results show that human emotions are specifically represented in dogs’ brains, highlighting their importance for inter-species communication.

scholarly journals Increased signal diversity/complexity of spontaneous EEG, but not evoked EEG responses, in ketamine-induced psychedelic state in humans

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine Farnes ◽  
Bjørn E. Juel ◽  
André S. Nilsen ◽  
Luis G. Romundstad ◽  
Johan F. Storm
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Altered States Of Consciousness ◽  
Altered States ◽  
Eeg Signal ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Electrical Brain Activity ◽  
States Of Consciousness ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
Signal Diversity

AbstractObjectiveHow and to what extent electrical brain activity is affected in pharmacologically altered states of consciousness, where it is mainly the phenomenological content rather than the level of consciousness that is altered, is not well understood. An example is the moderately psychedelic state caused by low doses of ketamine. Therefore, we investigated whether and how measures of evoked and spontaneous electroencephalographic (EEG) signal diversity are altered by sub-anaesthetic levels of ketamine compared to normal wakefulness, and how these measures relate to subjective assessments of consciousness.MethodsHigh-density electroencephalography (EEG, 62 channels) was used to record spontaneous brain activity and responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in 10 healthy volunteers before and after administration of sub-anaesthetic doses of ketamine in an open-label within-subject design. Evoked signal diversity was assessed using the perturbational complexity index (PCI), calculated from the global EEG responses to local TMS perturbations. Signal diversity of spontaneous EEG, with eyes open and eyes closed, was assessed by Lempel Ziv complexity (LZc), amplitude coalition entropy (ACE), and synchrony coalition entropy (SCE).ResultsAlthough no significant difference was found in the index of TMS-evoked complexity (PCI) between the sub-anaesthetic ketamine condition and normal wakefulness, all the three measures of spontaneous EEG signal diversity showed significantly increased values in the sub-anaesthetic ketamine condition. This increase in signal diversity also correlated with subjective assessment of altered states of consciousness. Moreover, spontaneous signal diversity was significantly higher when participants had eyes open compared to eyes closed, both during normal wakefulness and during influence of sub-anaesthetic ketamine doses.ConclusionThe results suggest that PCI and spontaneous signal diversity may be complementary and potentially measure different aspects of consciousness. Thus, our results seem compatible with PCI being indicative of the brain’s ability to sustain consciousness, as indicated by previous research, while it is possible that spontaneous EEG signal diversity may be indicative of the complexity of conscious content. The observed sensitivity of the latter measures to visual input seems to support such an interpretation. Thus, sub-anaesthetic ketamine may increase the complexity of both the conscious content (experience) and the brain activity underlying it, while the level, degree, or general capacity of consciousness remains largely unaffected.

scholarly journals Neural correlates of the LSD experience revealed by multimodal neuroimaging

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (17) ◽  
pp. 4853-4858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin L. Carhart-Harris ◽  
Suresh Muthukumaraswamy ◽  
Leor Roseman ◽  
Mendel Kaelen ◽  
Wouter Droog ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Retrosplenial Cortex ◽  
Alpha Power ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Psychedelic Drugs ◽  
Cortex Cérébral ◽  
Intrinsic Brain Activity

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is the prototypical psychedelic drug, but its effects on the human brain have never been studied before with modern neuroimaging. Here, three complementary neuroimaging techniques: arterial spin labeling (ASL), blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) measures, and magnetoencephalography (MEG), implemented during resting state conditions, revealed marked changes in brain activity after LSD that correlated strongly with its characteristic psychological effects. Increased visual cortex cerebral blood flow (CBF), decreased visual cortex alpha power, and a greatly expanded primary visual cortex (V1) functional connectivity profile correlated strongly with ratings of visual hallucinations, implying that intrinsic brain activity exerts greater influence on visual processing in the psychedelic state, thereby defining its hallucinatory quality. LSD’s marked effects on the visual cortex did not significantly correlate with the drug’s other characteristic effects on consciousness, however. Rather, decreased connectivity between the parahippocampus and retrosplenial cortex (RSC) correlated strongly with ratings of “ego-dissolution” and “altered meaning,” implying the importance of this particular circuit for the maintenance of “self” or “ego” and its processing of “meaning.” Strong relationships were also found between the different imaging metrics, enabling firmer inferences to be made about their functional significance. This uniquely comprehensive examination of the LSD state represents an important advance in scientific research with psychedelic drugs at a time of growing interest in their scientific and therapeutic value. The present results contribute important new insights into the characteristic hallucinatory and consciousness-altering properties of psychedelics that inform on how they can model certain pathological states and potentially treat others.

scholarly journals The rapid emergence of auditory object representations in cortex reflect central acoustic attributes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattson Ogg ◽  
Thomas A. Carlson ◽  
L. Robert Slevc
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Music Perception ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Auditory Pathway ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Object Representations ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Require Time ◽  
Acoustic Information ◽  
Auditory Object

Human listeners are bombarded by acoustic information that the brain rapidly organizes into coherent percepts of objects and events in the environment, which aids speech and music perception. The efficiency of auditory object recognition belies the critical constraint that acoustic stimuli necessarily require time to unfold. Using magentoencephalography (MEG), we studied the time course of the neural processes that transform dynamic acoustic information into auditory object representations. Participants listened to a diverse set of 36 tokens comprising everyday sounds from a typical human environment. Multivariate pattern analysis was used to decode the sound tokens from the MEG recordings. We show that sound tokens can be decoded from brain activity beginning 90 milliseconds after stimulus onset with peak decoding performance occurring at 155 milliseconds post stimulus onset. Decoding performance was primarily driven by differences between category representations (e.g., environmental vs. instrument sounds), although within-category decoding was better than chance. Representational similarity analysis revealed that these emerging neural representations were related to harmonic and spectrotemporal differences among the stimuli, which correspond to canonical acoustic features processed by the auditory pathway. Our findings begin to link the processing of physical sound properties with the perception of auditory objects and events in cortex.

scholarly journals Approximate Entropy of Brain Network in the Study of Hemispheric Differences

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1220
Author(s):  
Francesca Alù ◽  
Francesca Miraglia ◽  
Alessandro Orticoni ◽  
Elda Judica ◽  
Maria Cotelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Networks ◽  
Approximate Entropy ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Hemispheric Differences ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Eeg Recordings ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Adult Volunteers

Human brain, a dynamic complex system, can be studied with different approaches, including linear and nonlinear ones. One of the nonlinear approaches widely used in electroencephalographic (EEG) analyses is the entropy, the measurement of disorder in a system. The present study investigates brain networks applying approximate entropy (ApEn) measure for assessing the hemispheric EEG differences; reproducibility and stability of ApEn data across separate recording sessions were evaluated. Twenty healthy adult volunteers were submitted to eyes-closed resting EEG recordings, for 80 recordings. Significant differences in the occipital region, with higher values of entropy in the left hemisphere than in the right one, show that the hemispheres become active with different intensities according to the performed function. Besides, the present methodology proved to be reproducible and stable, when carried out on relatively brief EEG epochs but also at a 1-week distance in a group of 36 subjects. Nonlinear approaches represent an interesting probe to study the dynamics of brain networks. ApEn technique might provide more insight into the pathophysiological processes underlying age-related brain disconnection as well as for monitoring the impact of pharmacological and rehabilitation treatments.

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