scholarly journals Receptor uptake arrays for vitamin B12, siderophores and glycans shape bacterial communities

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven A. Frank
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Control Theory ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Cellular Evolution ◽  
Molecular Variants ◽  
Gut Microbe ◽  
Complex Glycans ◽  
Evolution Control

Molecular variants of vitamin B12, siderophores and glycans occur. To take up variant forms, bacteria may express an array of receptors. The gut microbeBacteroides thetaiotaomicronhas three different receptors to take up variants of vitamin B12and 88 receptors to take up various glycans. The design of receptor arrays reflects key processes that shape cellular evolution. Competition may focus each species on a subset of the available nutrient diversity. Some gut bacteria can take up only a narrow range of carbohydrates, whereas species such asB. thetaiotaomicroncan digest many different complex glycans. Comparison of different nutrients, habitats, and genomes provide opportunity to test hypotheses about the breadth of receptor arrays. Another important process concerns fluctuations in nutrient availability. Such fluctuations enhance the value of cellular sensors, which gain information about environmental availability and adjust receptor deployment. Bacteria often adjust receptor expression in response to fluctuations of particular carbohydrate food sources. Some species may adjust expression of uptake receptors for specific siderophores. How do cells use sensor information to control the response to fluctuations? That question about regulatory wiring relates to problems that arise in control theory and artificial intelligence. Control theory clarifies how to analyze environmental fluctuations in relation to the design of sensors and response systems. Recent advances in deep learning studies of artificial intelligence focus on the architecture of regulatory wiring and the ways in which complex control networks represent and classify environmental states. I emphasize the similar design problems that arise in cellular evolution, control theory, and artificial intelligence. I connect those broad conceptual aspects to many testable hypotheses for bacterial uptake of vitamin B12, siderophores and glycans.

scholarly journals Vitamin B12 sources and microbial interaction

2017 ◽  
Vol 243 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumio Watanabe ◽  
Tomohiro Bito
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Edible Plants ◽  
Microbial Interaction ◽  
Animal Tissues ◽  
Mushroom Species ◽  
Ruminant Animals

Vitamin B12 is synthesized only by certain bacteria and archaeon, but not by plants. The synthesized vitamin B12 is transferred and accumulates in animal tissues, which can occur in certain plant and mushroom species through microbial interaction. In particular, the meat and milk of herbivorous ruminant animals (e.g. cattle and sheep) are good sources of vitamin B12 for humans. Ruminants acquire vitamin B12, which is considered an essential nutrient, through a symbiotic relationship with the bacteria present in their stomachs. In aquatic environments, most phytoplankton acquire vitamin B12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria, and they become food for larval fish and bivalves. Edible plants and mushrooms rarely contain a considerable amount of vitamin B12, mainly due to concomitant bacteria in soil and/or their aerial surfaces. Thus, humans acquire vitamin B12 formed by microbial interaction via mainly ruminants and fish (or shellfish) as food sources. In this review, up-to-date information on vitamin B12 sources and bioavailability are also discussed. Impact statement To prevent vitamin B12 (B12) deficiency in high-risk populations such as vegetarians and elderly subjects, it is necessary to identify foods that contain high levels of B12. B12 is synthesized by only certain bacteria and archaeon, but not by plants or animals. The synthesized B12 is transferred and accumulated in animal tissues, even in certain plant tissues via microbial interaction. Meats and milks of herbivorous ruminant animals are good sources of B12 for humans. Ruminants acquire the essential B12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria inside the body. Thus, we also depend on B12-producing bacteria located in ruminant stomachs. While edible plants and mushrooms rarely contain a considerable amount of B12, mainly due to concomitant bacteria in soil and/or their aerial surfaces. In this mini-review, we described up-to-date information on B12 sources and bioavailability with reference to the interaction of microbes as B12-producers.

Model-Driven Adaptive Enterprise

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Vinay Kulkarni ◽  
Sreedhar Reddy ◽  
Tony Clark
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Information Systems ◽  
Control Theory ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Systems Design ◽  
Dynamic Environments ◽  
Information Systems Design ◽  
Systems Of Systems ◽  
Digital Twin ◽  
Model Driven

Modern enterprises are large complex systems operating in dynamic environments and are therefore required to respond quickly to a variety of change drivers. Moreover, they are systems of systems wherein understanding is only available in localized contexts and is partial and uncertain. Given that the overall system behaviour is hard to know a-priori and that conventional techniques for systemwide analysis either lack rigour or are defeated by the scale of the problem, the current practice often exclusively relies on human expertise for adaptation. This chapter outlines the concept of model-driven adaptive enterprise that leverages principles from modeling, artificial intelligence, control theory, and information systems design leading to a knowledge-guided simulation-aided data-driven model-based evidence-backed approach to impart adaptability to enterprises. At the heart of a model-driven adaptive enterprise lies a digital twin (i.e., a simulatable digital replica of the enterprise). The authors discuss how the digital twin can be used to analyze, control, adapt, transform, and design enterprises.

A Systems and Control Theory Approach for Law and Artificial Intelligence: Demystifying the “Black-Box”

J ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 544-556
Author(s):  
Woodrow Barfield
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Control Theory ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Controlled System ◽  
Systems And Control ◽  
The Law ◽  
And Control ◽  
External Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

In this paper, I propose a conceptual framework for law and artificial intelligence (AI) that is based on ideas derived from systems and control theory. The approach considers the relationship between the input to an AI-controlled system and the system’s output, which may affect events in the real-world. The approach aims to add to the current discussion among legal scholars and legislators on how to regulate AI, which focuses primarily on how the output, or external behavior of a system, leads to actions that may implicate the law. The goal of this paper is to show that not only is the systems output an important consideration for law and AI but so too is the relationship between the systems input to its desired output, as mediated through a feedback loop (and other control variables). In this paper, I argue that ideas derived from systems and control theory can be used to provide a conceptual framework to help understand how the law applies to AI, and particularly, to algorithmically based systems.

scholarly journals Micronutrient intake in advanced age: Te Puāwaitanga o Ngā Tapuwae Kia ora Tonu, Life and Living in Advanced Age: A Cohort Study in New Zealand (LiLACS NZ)

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (10) ◽  
pp. 1754-1769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Wham ◽  
Ruth Teh ◽  
Simon A. Moyes ◽  
Anna Rolleston ◽  
Marama Muru-Lanning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Physical Function ◽  
Advanced Age ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Nutrient Density

AbstractA high prevalence of undernutrition has previously been reported in indigenous Māori (49 %) and non-Māori (38 %) octogenarians and may be associated with risk of micronutrient deficiencies. We examined vitamin and mineral intakes and the contributing food sources among 216 Māori and 362 non-Māori participating in Life and Living to Advanced age a Cohort Study in New Zealand, using a repeat 24-h multiple-pass recall. More than half of the Māori and non-Māori participants had intakes below the estimated average requirement from food alone for Ca, Mg and Se. Vitamin B6(Māori women only), folate (women only), vitamin E (Māori women; all men) and Zn (men only) were low in these ethnic and sex subgroups. Women had intakes of higher nutrient density in folate, vitamin C, Ca, Mg, K, vitamin A (non-Māori) andβ-carotene (Māori) compared with men (P<0·05). When controlling for age and physical function,β-carotene, folate, vitamin C, Ca and Mg were no longer significantly different, but vitamins B2, B12, E and D, Fe, Na, Se and Zn became significantly different for Māori between men and women. When controlling for age and physical function, vitamins A and C and Ca were no longer significantly different, but vitamin B2, Fe, Na and Zn became significantly different for non-Māori between men and women. For those who took nutritional supplements, Māori were less likely to be deficient in food alone intake of vitamin A, folate and Mg, whereas non-Maori were less likely to be deficient in intakes of Mg, K and Zn, but more likely to be deficient in vitamin B12intake. A lack of harmonisation in nutrient recommendations hinders the interpretation of nutrient adequacy; nonetheless, Ca, Mg and Se are key micronutrients of concern. Milk and cheese were important contributions to Ca intake, whereas bread was a key source of Mg and Se. Examination of dietary intake related to biochemical status and health outcomes will establish the utility of these observations.

scholarly journals A Mobile Platform for Food Donation and Delivery System using AI and Machine Learning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Zhou ◽  
Marisabel Chang ◽  
Yu Sun
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Orange County ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Free Food ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Multiple Constraints ◽  
Software Application ◽  
Food Pantries ◽  
To Receive

Within the last year through the turmoil of the Covid-19 pandemic, an increasing number of families and individuals are experiencing food insecurity due to a loss of job, illnesses, or other financial struggles [4]. Many families in the Orange County area and abroad are turning to free food sources such as community food pantries or banks. Using specified surveys to food insecure families, we discovered a need for a solution to enhance the accessibility and usability of food pantries [5]. Therefore, we created a software application that uses artificial intelligence to locate specific items for users to request, and allow volunteers to see those requests and pick up the resources from food pantries, and deliver them directly to the homes of individuals. This paper shows the process in which this idea was created and how it was applied, along with the conduction of the qualitative evaluation of the approach. The results show that the software application allowed families and individuals to receive quality groceries at a much higher frequency, regardless of multiple constraints.

The Threat of Intelligent Attackers Using Deep Learning

2020 ◽  
pp. 110-133
Author(s):  
Juan Parras ◽  
Santiago Zazo
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Control Theory ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Ratio Test ◽  
Network Vulnerabilities ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Sequential Probability ◽  
Full Knowledge

The significant increase in the number of interconnected devices has brought new services and applications, as well as new network vulnerabilities. The increasing hardware capacities of these devices and the developments in the artificial intelligence field mean that new and complex attack methods are being developed. This chapter focuses on the backoff attack in a wireless network using CSMA/CA multiple access, and it shows that an intelligent attacker, making use of control theory, can successfully exploit a sequential probability ratio test-based defense mechanism. Also, recent developments in the deep reinforcement learning field allows that attackers that do not have full knowledge of the defense mechanism are able to successfully learn to attack it. Thus, this chapter illustrates by means of the backoff attack, the possibilities that the recent advances in the artificial intelligence field bring to intelligent attackers, and highlights the importance of researching in intelligent defense methods able to cope with such attackers.

FOOD SOURCES OF VITAMIN B-6 OF A GROUP OF INDONESIAN CHILDREN

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
BUDI SETIAWAN ◽  
DAVID W. GIRAUD ◽  
JUDY A. DRISKELL
Keyword(s):  
Food Sources ◽  
Vitamin B
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