scholarly journals Individual differences in perceptual decision making reflect neural variability in medial frontal cortex

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoki Kurikawa ◽  
Takashi Handa ◽  
Tomoki Fukai
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Medial Frontal Cortex ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Decision Making Behavior ◽  
Neural Variability ◽  
Familiar Stimuli

AbstractDecision making obeys common neural mechanisms, but there is considerable variability in individuals’ decision making behavior particularly under uncertainty. How individual differences arise within common decision making brain systems is not known. Here, we explored this question in the medial frontal cortex (MFC) of rats performing a sensory-guided choice task. When rats trained on familiar stimuli were exposed to unfamiliar stimuli, choice responses varied significantly across individuals. We examined how variability in MFC neural processing could mediate this individual difference and constructed a network model to replicate this. Our model suggested that susceptibility of neural trajectories is a crucial determinant of the observed choice variability. The model predicted that trial-by-trial variability of trajectories are correlated with the susceptibility, and hence also correlated with the individual difference. This prediction was confirmed by experiment. Thus, our results suggest that variability in neural dynamics in MFC networks underlies individual differences in decision making.

scholarly journals Reducing variability of perceptual decision making with offline theta-burst TMS of dorsal medial frontal cortex

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1689-1696
Author(s):  
Lina Willacker ◽  
Marco Roccato ◽  
Beril Nisa Can ◽  
Marianne Dieterich ◽  
Paul C.J. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Medial Frontal Cortex ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Perceptual Decision ◽  
Theta Burst

Dissociating neural variability related to stimulus quality and response times in perceptual decision-making

2018 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 190-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Bode ◽  
Daniel Bennett ◽  
David K. Sewell ◽  
Bryan Paton ◽  
Gary F. Egan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Stimulus Quality ◽  
Perceptual Decision ◽  
Neural Variability

scholarly journals A Study of Educational Achievement of Standard XI Students in Context of their Learning Style in Reference to Area

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay B. Raval
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Learning Style ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Visual Learning ◽  
Learning Style Inventory ◽  
Kinesthetic Learning ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Selection Of

In the Era of Change, teacher should consider the individual differences while teaching in the classroom. In fact teacher must keep in mind the individual differences for teaching. Students have so many talent, we as a teacher must have that angel of view of identifying it. This individual difference can be divided in dimension of Learning Style, too. Researcher was giving service in High School as a teacher, he observe such an Individual difference in context to learning style in class room. Is there any relationship between Educational Achievement and Learning Style? Is there any effect of Learning Style on Educational Achievement in reference to Area? To find the answer of this question present study was conducted. Population & Sample: Population for present study was students studying in Standard-XI of Gujarati Medium School of Gandhinagar District. The selection of schools was by Stratified Randomization Technique and selection of students was selected by Cluster Method. In last, the Sample size was 607. Method: Survey Method was used for Data Collection. Tool: Self constructed Learning Style Inventory (L.S.I.) was used for Data Collection. Learning Style Inventory (L.S.I.) was three Point Likert type Scale. Findings: 1) There was no significance different in educational achievement among students having Visual Learning Style, Auditorial Learning Style and Kinesthetic Learning Style. 2) In matter of educational achievement, students of Rural are superior to students of Urban among students having Visual Learning Style. 3) In matter of educational achievement, students of Rural are superior to students of Urban among students having Auditorial Learning Style. 4) In matter of educational achievement, students of Urban are superior to students of Rural among students having Kinesthetic Learning Style.

Individual differences in negotiation: A relational process model

2020 ◽  
pp. 204138662096255
Author(s):  
Hillary Anger Elfenbein
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
Traditional Treatment ◽  
Behavioral Dynamics ◽  
Negotiation Performance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relational Process

Intuition suggests that individual differences should play an important role in negotiation performance, and yet empirical results have been relatively weak. Because negotiations are inherently dyadic, the dyad needs to feature prominently in theorizing. In expanding the traditional treatment of individual differences to two systematically interconnected parties, a relational process model (RPM) emerges. The RPM illustrates how the individual differences of both negotiators spark complex behavioral dynamics through five distinct theoretical mechanisms. Individuals (a) select each other, (b) set expectancies for each other, (c) serve as behavioral triggers and affordances for each other, (d) reciprocate and complement each other’s behaviors, and (e) vary in their responses to identical behaviors. It also directs attention to new classes and dimensions of individual difference factors. The RPM helps explain why past research has been highly conservative. A more complete picture needs to incorporate the complex interplay starting with parties’ individual differences.

scholarly journals Unilateral medial frontal cortex lesions cause a cognitive decision-making deficit in rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 3757-3765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula L. Croxson ◽  
Mark E. Walton ◽  
Erie D. Boorman ◽  
Matthew F. S. Rushworth ◽  
David M. Bannerman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Medial Frontal Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Decision

scholarly journals Brain Areas Consistently Linked to Individual Differences in Perceptual Decision-making in Younger as well as Older Adults before and after Training

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 2147-2158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Kühn ◽  
Florian Schmiedek ◽  
Björn Schott ◽  
Roger Ratcliff ◽  
Hans-Jochen Heinze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Drift Rate ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Inferior Parietal Lobe ◽  
Perceptual Decision ◽  
Boundary Separation ◽  
Before And After

Perceptual decision-making performance depends on several cognitive and neural processes. Here, we fit Ratcliff's diffusion model to accuracy data and reaction-time distributions from one numerical and one verbal two-choice perceptual-decision task to deconstruct these performance measures into the rate of evidence accumulation (i.e., drift rate), response criterion setting (i.e., boundary separation), and peripheral aspects of performance (i.e., nondecision time). These theoretical processes are then related to individual differences in brain activation by means of multiple regression. The sample consisted of 24 younger and 15 older adults performing the task in fMRI before and after 100 daily 1-hr behavioral training sessions in a multitude of cognitive tasks. Results showed that individual differences in boundary separation were related to striatal activity, whereas differences in drift rate were related to activity in the inferior parietal lobe. These associations were not significantly modified by adult age or perceptual expertise. We conclude that the striatum is involved in regulating response thresholds, whereas the inferior parietal lobe might represent decision-making evidence related to letters and numbers.

scholarly journals Selective prefrontal-amygdala circuit interactions underlie social and nonsocial valuation in rhesus macaques

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maia S. Pujara ◽  
Nicole K. Ciesinski ◽  
Joseph F. Reyelts ◽  
Sarah E.V. Rhodes ◽  
Elisabeth A. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Cognitive Appraisals ◽  
Medial Frontal Cortex ◽  
Orbital Frontal Cortex ◽  
Social Valuation ◽  
Food Value ◽  
Food Retrieval

AbstractLesion studies in macaques suggest dissociable functions of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and medial frontal cortex (MFC), with OFC being essential for goal-directed decision making and MFC supporting social cognition. Bilateral amygdala damage results in impairments in both of these domains. There are extensive reciprocal connections between these prefrontal areas and the amygdala; however, it is not known whether the dissociable roles of OFC and MFC depend on functional interactions with the amygdala. To test this possibility, we compared the performance of male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with crossed surgical disconnection of the amygdala and either MFC (MFC x AMY, n=4) or OFC (OFC x AMY, n=4) to a group of unoperated controls (CON, n=5). All monkeys were assessed for their performance on two tasks to measure: (1) food-retrieval latencies while viewing videos of social and nonsocial stimuli in a test of social interest, and (2) object choices based on current food value using reinforcer devaluation in a test of goal-directed decision making. Compared to the CON group, the MFC x AMY group, but not the OFC x AMY group, showed significantly reduced food-retrieval latencies while viewing videos of conspecifics, indicating reduced social valuation and/or interest. By contrast, on the devaluation task, group OFC x AMY, but not group MFC x AMY, displayed deficits on object choices following changes in food value. These data indicate that the MFC and OFC must functionally interact with the amygdala to support normative social and nonsocial valuation, respectively.Significance StatementAscribing value to conspecifics (social) vs. objects (nonsocial) may be supported by distinct but overlapping brain networks. Here we test whether two nonoverlapping regions of the prefrontal cortex, the medial frontal cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex, must causally interact with the amygdala to sustain social valuation and goal-directed decision making, respectively. We found that these prefrontal-amygdala circuits are functionally dissociable, lending support for the idea that medial frontal and orbital frontal cortex make independent contributions to cognitive appraisals of the environment. These data provide a neural framework for distinct value assignment processes and may enhance our understanding of the cognitive deficits observed following brain injury or in the development of mental health disorders.

scholarly journals Regulation of evidence accumulation by pupil-linked arousal processes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waitsang Keung ◽  
Todd A. Hagen ◽  
Robert C. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Pupil Response ◽  
Evidence Accumulation ◽  
Integration Kernel ◽  
Over Time

AbstractIntegrating evidence over time is crucial for effective decision making. For simple perceptual decisions, a large body of work suggests that humans and animals are capable of integrating evidence over time fairly well, but that their performance is far from optimal. This suboptimality is thought to arise from a number of different sources including: (1) noise in sensory and motor systems, (2) unequal weighting of evidence over time, (3) order effects from previous trials and (4) irrational side biases for one choice over another. In this work we investigated these di.erent sources of suboptimality and how they are related to pupil dilation, a putative correlate of norepinephrine tone. In particular, we measured pupil response in humans making a series of decisions based on rapidly-presented auditory information in an evidence accumulation task. We found that people exhibited all four types of suboptimality, and that some of these suboptimalities covaried with each other across participants. Pupillometry showed that only noise and the uneven weighting of evidence over time, the ‘integration kernel’, were related to the change in pupil response during the stimulus. Moreover, these two different suboptimalities were related to different aspects of the pupil signal, with the individual differences in pupil response associated with individual differences in integration kernel, while trial-by-trial fluctuations in pupil response were associated with trial-by-trial fluctuations in noise. These results suggest that di.erent sources of suboptimality in human perceptual decision making are related to distinct pupil-linked processes possibly related to tonic and phasic norepinephrine activity.

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