scholarly journals 10-Month-Old Infants Are Sensitive to the Time Course of Perceived Actions: Evidence From a Study Combining Eye-tracking and EEG

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathleen Bache ◽  
Anne Springer ◽  
Hannes Noack ◽  
Waltraud Stadler ◽  
Franziska Kopp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Action Observation ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Time Simulation ◽  
Basic Ability ◽  
Time Movement ◽  
Continuous Movements

AbstractResearch has shown that infants are able to track a moving target efficiently – even if it is transiently occluded from sight. This basic ability allows prediction of when and where events happen in everyday life. Yet, it is unclear whether, and how, infants internally represent the time course of ongoing movements to derive predictions. In this study, 10-month-old crawlers observed the video of a same-aged crawling baby that was transiently occluded and reappeared in either a temporally continuous or non-continuous manner (i.e., delayed by 500 ms vs. forwarded by 500 ms relative to the real-time movement). Eye movement and rhythmic neural brain activity (EEG) were measured simultaneously. Eye movement analyses showed that infants were sensitive to slight temporal shifts in movement continuation after occlusion. Furthermore, brain activity related to sensorimotor rather than mnemonic processing differed between observation of continuous and non-continuous movements. Early sensitivity to an action’s timing may hence be explained within the internal real-time simulation account of action observation. Overall, the results support the hypothesis that 10-month-old infants are well prepared for internal representation of the time course of observed movements that are within the infants’ current motor repertoire.

scholarly journals Sleep Promotes Phonological Learning in Children Across Language and Autism Spectra

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 4235-4255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria C. P. Knowland ◽  
Fay Fletcher ◽  
Lisa-Marie Henderson ◽  
Sarah Walker ◽  
Courtenay F. Norbury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Language Ability ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Phonological Learning ◽  
Autism Symptomatology ◽  
Children’S Sleep ◽  
Structural Language

Purpose Establishing stable and flexible phonological representations is a key component of language development and one which is thought to vary across children with neurodevelopmental disorders affecting language acquisition. Sleep is understood to support the learning and generalization of new phonological mappings in adults, but this remains to be examined in children. This study therefore explored the time course of phonological learning in childhood and how it varies by structural language and autism symptomatology. Method Seventy-seven 7- to 13-year-old children, 30 with high autism symptomatology, were included in the study; structural language ability varied across the sample. Children learned new phonological mappings based on synthesized speech tokens in the morning; performance was then charted via repetition (without feedback) over 24 hr and followed up 4 weeks later. On the night following learning, children's sleep was monitored with polysomnography. Results A period of sleep but not wake was associated with improvement on the phonological learning task in childhood. Sleep was associated with improved performance for both trained items and novel items. Structural language ability predicted overall task performance, though language ability did not predict degree of change from one session to the next. By contrast, autism symptomatology did not explain task performance. With respect to sleep architecture, rapid eye movement features were associated with greater phonological generalization. Conclusions Children's sleep was associated with improvement in performance on both trained and novel items. Phonological generalization was associated with brain activity during rapid eye movement sleep. This study furthers our understanding of individual differences in the acquisition of new phonological mappings and the role of sleep in this process over childhood. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.11126732

scholarly journals Direct mapping rather than motor prediction subserves modulation of corticospinal excitability during observation of actions in real time

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (10) ◽  
pp. 3700-3707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Gueugneau ◽  
Sofia I. Mc Cabe ◽  
Jorge I. Villalta ◽  
Scott T. Grafton ◽  
Valeria Della-Maggiore
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Action Observation ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Invariant Form ◽  
Model Free ◽  
Direct Mapping ◽  
Abductor Digiti Minimi

Motor facilitation refers to the specific increment in corticospinal excitability (CSE) elicited by the observation of actions performed by others. To date, the precise nature of the mechanism at the basis of this phenomenon is unknown. One possibility is that motor facilitation is driven by a predictive process reminiscent of the role of forward models in motor control. Alternatively, motor facilitation may result from a model-free mechanism by which the basic elements of the observed action are directly mapped onto their cortical representations. Our study was designed to discern these alternatives. To this aim, we recorded the time course of CSE for the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) and the abductor digiti minimi (ADM) during observation of three grasping actions in real time, two of which strongly diverged in kinematics from their natural (invariant) form. Although artificially slow movements used in most action observation studies might enhance the observer's discrimination performance, the use of videos in real time is crucial to maintain the time course of CSE within the physiological range of daily actions. CSE was measured at 4 time points within a 240-ms window that best captured the kinematic divergence from the invariant form. Our results show that CSE of the FDI, not the ADM, closely follows the functional role of the muscle despite the mismatch between the natural and the divergent kinematics. We propose that motor facilitation during observation of actions performed in real time reflects the model-free coding of perceived movement following a direct mapping mechanism.

Real Time Simulation of a VCM Plant

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
pp. S1111-S1115
Author(s):  
P Lundstrøm
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Simulation ◽  
Time Simulation

Low-Cost High-Speed Techniques for Real-Time Simulation of Power Electronic Systems

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Crosbie ◽  
J. J. Zenor ◽  
R. Bednar ◽  
D. Word ◽  
N. G. Hingorani
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Electronic Systems ◽  
Power Electronic ◽  
Real Time Simulation ◽  
Time Simulation
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