scholarly journals The innate immune systems of malacostracan crustaceans exhibit both conserved and evolutionarily distinct components

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvina G. Lai ◽  
A. Aziz Aboobaker
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Divergent Evolution ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Immune Gene ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Imd Pathway

AbstractGrowing demands for aquatic sources of animal proteins have attracted significant investments in aquaculture research in recent years. The crustacean aquaculture industry has undergone substantial growth to accommodate a rising global demand, however such large-scale production is susceptible to pathogen-mediated destruction. It is clear that a thorough understanding of the crustacean innate immune system is imperative for future research into combating current and future pathogens of the main food crop species. Through a comparative genomics approach utilising extant data from 55 species, we describe the innate immune system of crustaceans from the Malacostraca class. We identify 7407 malacostracan genes from 39 gene families implicated in different aspects of host defence and demonstrate dynamic evolution of innate immunity components within this group. Malacostracans have achieved flexibility in recognising infectious agents through divergent evolution and expansion of pathogen recognition receptors genes. Antiviral RNAi, Toll and JAK-STAT signal transduction pathways have remained conserved within Malacostraca, although the Imd pathway appears to lack several key components. Immune effectors such as the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have unique evolutionary profiles, with many malacostracan AMPs not found in other arthropod groups. Lastly, we describe four putative novel immune gene families, characterised by distinct protein domains, potentially representing important evolutionary novelties of the malacostracan immune system.

Antibody equivalent molecules of the innate immune system: parallels between innate and adaptive immune proteins

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nades Palaniyar
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Surfactant Protein ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Surfactant Protein D ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Carbohydrate Arrays

Soluble pattern-recognition innate immune proteins functionally resemble the antibodies of the adaptive immune system. Two major families of such proteins are ficolins and collectins or collagenous lectins (e.g. mannose-binding lectin [MBL], surfactant proteins [SP-A and SP-D] and conglutinin). In general, subunits of ficolins and collectins recognize the carbohydrate arrays of their targets via globular trimeric carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs) whereas IgG, IgM and other antibody isotypes recognize proteins via dimeric antigen-binding domains (Fab). Considering the structure and functions of these proteins, ficolins and MBL are analogous to molecules with the complement activating functions of C1q and the target recognition ability of IgG. Although the structure of SP-A is similar to MBL, it does not activate the complement system. Surfactant protein-D and conglutinin could be considered as the collagenous non-complement activating giant IgMs of the innate immune system. Proteins such as peptidoglycan-recognition proteins, pentraxins and agglutinin gp-340/DMBT1 are also pattern-recognition proteins. These proteins may be considered as different isotypes of antibody-like molecules. Proteins such as defensins, cathelicidins and lactoferrins directly or indirectly alter microbes or microbial growth. These proteins may not be considered as antibodies of the innate immune system. Hence, ficolins and collectins could be considered as specialized ‘antibodies of the innate immune system’ instead of ‘ante-antibody’ innate immune molecules. The discovery, structure, functions and future research directions of many of these soluble proteins and receptors such as Toll-like and NOD-like receptors are discussed in this special issue of Innate Immunity.

scholarly journals Effects of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Toll-Like Receptor mRNAs in Human Monocytes

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladislav A. Vasilichin ◽  
Sergey A. Tsymbal ◽  
Anna F. Fakhardo ◽  
Elizaveta I. Anastasova ◽  
Andrey S. Marchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Metal Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Future Research ◽  
System Response ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Immune System Response ◽  
Fragmented Data

For the widespread application of nanotechnology in biomedicine, it is necessary to obtain information about their safety. A critical problem is presented by the host immune responses to nanomaterials. It is assumed that the innate immune system plays a crucial role in the interaction of nanomaterials with the host organism. However, there are only fragmented data on the activation of innate immune system factors, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), by some nanoparticles (NPs). In this study, we investigated TLRs’ activation by clinically relevant and promising NPs, such as Fe3O4, TiO2, ZnO, CuO, Ag2O, and AlOOH. Cytotoxicity and effects on innate immunity factors were studied in THP-1(Tohoku Hospital Pediatrics-1) cell culture. NPs caused an increase of TLR-4 and -6 expression, which was comparable with the LPS-induced level. This suggests that the studied NPs can stimulate the innate immune system response inside the host. The data obtained should be taken into account in future research and to create safe-by-design biomedical nanomaterials.

scholarly journals Characterization of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Gene Expression Profiles of PediatricStaphylococcus aureusPersistent and Non-Carriers Using a Targeted Assay

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Israelsson ◽  
Damien Chaussabel ◽  
Rebecca S.B. Fischer ◽  
Heather C. Moore ◽  
D. Ashley Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Blood Mononuclear Cells

AbstractDefects in innate immunity affect many different physiologic systems and several studies of patients with primary immunodeficiency disorders demonstrated the importance of innate immune system components in disease prevention or colonization of bacterial pathogens. To assess the role of the innate immune system on nasal colonization withStaphylococcus aureus, innate immune responses in pediatricS. aureusnasal persistent carriers (n=15) and non-carriers (n=15) were profiled by analyzing co-clustered gene sets (modules) identified through large-scale transcriptome data analysis as the basis for the development of a targeted assay. We stimulated previously frozen peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from these subjects with i) a panel of TLR ligands, ii) liveS. aureus(either a mixture of strains or stimulation with respective carriage isolates), or iii) heat-killedS. aureus. We found no difference in responses between carriers and non-carriers when PBMCs were stimulated with a panel of TLR ligands. However, PBMCs stimulated with liveS. aureuselicited a significantly different response that also differed from the response elicited following stimulation with deadS. aureus. Furthermore, we observed a distinct stimulation profile for PBMCs isolated from persistent carriers stimulated with their respective live or dead carriage strains compared to responses observed for PBMCs isolated from non-carriers that were similar regardless of whether or not the bacteria were alive or not. These data suggested that innate pathway signaling is different between persistent and non-carriers ofS. aureus.

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