scholarly journals Linking gene expression to unilateral pollen-pistil reproductive barriers

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda K. Broz ◽  
Rafael F. Guerrero ◽  
April M. Randle ◽  
You Soon Baek ◽  
Matthew W. Hahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Peptide Hormone ◽  
Reproductive Barrier ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Arabinogalactan Protein ◽  
Transcript Profiles ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling

AbstractUnilateral incompatibility (UI) is an asymmetric reproductive barrier that unidirectionally prevents gene flow between species and/or populations. UI is characterized by a compatible interaction between partners in one direction, but in the reciprocal cross fertilization fails, generally due to pollen tube rejection by the pistil. Although UI has long been observed in crosses between different species, the underlying molecular mechanisms are only beginning to be characterized. The wild tomato relative Solanum habrochaites provides a unique study system to investigate the molecular basis of this reproductive barrier, as populations within the species exhibit both interspecific and interpopulation UI. Here we used a transcriptomic approach to identify genes in both pollen and pistil tissues that may be probable key players in UI. We confirmed UI at the pollen-pistil level between a self-incompatible population and a self-compatible population of S. habrochaites. A comparison of gene expression between pollinated styles exhibiting the incompatibility response and unpollinated controls revealed only a small number of differentially expressed transcripts. Many more differences in transcript profiles were identified between UI-competent versus UI-compromised reproductive tissues. A number of intriguing candidate genes were highly differentially expressed, including a putative pollen arabinogalactan protein, a stylar Kunitz family protease inhibitor, and a stylar peptide hormone Rapid Alkalinization Factor. Our data also provide transcriptomic evidence that fundamental processes including reactive oxygen species signaling are likely key in UI pollen-pistil interactions between both populations and species. Our transcriptomic analysis highlighted specific genes, including those in ROS signaling pathways that warrant further study in investigations of UI. To our knowledge, this is the first report to identify candidate genes involved in unilateral barriers between populations of the same species.

scholarly journals A Review of Candidate Genes and Pathways in Preeclampsia–An Integrated Bioinformatical Analysis

Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Muhammad Aliff Mohamad ◽  
Nur Fariha Mohd Manzor ◽  
Noor Fadzilah Zulkifli ◽  
Nurzaireena Zainal ◽  
Abd Rahman Hayati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Fetal Mortality ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Mesh Terms

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disorder characterized by the presence of hypertension with the onset of either proteinuria, maternal organ or uteroplacental dysfunction. Preeclampsia is one of the leading causes of maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity worldwide. However, the etiopathologies of preeclampsia are not fully understood. Many studies have indicated that genes are differentially expressed between normal and in the disease state. Hence, this study systematically searched the literature on human gene expression that was differentially expressed in preeclampsia. An electronic search was performed through 2019 through PubMed, Scopus, Ovid-Medline, and Gene Expression Omnibus where the following MeSH (Medical Subject Heading) terms were used and they had been specified as the primary focus of the articles: Gene, placenta, preeclampsia, and pregnancy in the title or abstract. We also found additional MeSH terms through Cochrane Library: Transcript, sequencing, and profiling. From 687 studies retrieved from the search, only original publications that had performed high throughput sequencing of human placental tissues that reported on differentially expressed genes in pregnancies with preeclampsia were included. Two reviewers independently scrutinized the titles and abstracts before examining the eligibility of studies that met the inclusion criteria. For each study, study design, sample size, sampling type, and method for gene analysis and gene were identified. The genes listed were further analyzed with the DAVID, STRING and Cytoscape MCODE. Three original research articles involving preeclampsia comprising the datasets in gene expression were included. By combining three studies together, 250 differentially expressed genes were produced at a significance setting of p < 0.05. We identified candidate genes: LEP, NRIP1, SASH1, and ZADHHC8P1. Through GO analysis, we found extracellular matrix organization as the highly significant enriched ontology in a group of upregulated genes and immune process in downregulated genes. Studies on a genetic level have the potential to provide new insights into the regulation and to widen the basis for identification of changes in the mechanism of preeclampsia. Integrated bioinformatics could identify differentially expressed genes which could be candidate genes and potential pathways in preeclampsia that may improve our understanding of the cause and underlying molecular mechanisms that could be used as potential biomarkers for risk stratification and treatment.

scholarly journals Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes and Signaling Pathways Related to Intramuscular Fat Deposition in Skeletal Muscle of Sex-Linked Dwarf Chickens

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaqiong Ye ◽  
Shumao Lin ◽  
Heping Mu ◽  
Xiaohong Tang ◽  
Yangdan Ou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Potential Candidate

Intramuscular fat (IMF) plays an important role in meat quality. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying IMF deposition in skeletal muscle have not been addressed for the sex-linked dwarf (SLD) chicken. In this study, potential candidate genes and signaling pathways related to IMF deposition in chicken leg muscle tissue were characterized using gene expression profiling of both 7-week-old SLD and normal chickens. A total of 173 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the two breeds. Subsequently, 6 DEGs related to lipid metabolism or muscle development were verified in each breed based on gene ontology (GO) analysis. In addition, KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs indicated that some of them (GHR, SOCS3, and IGF2BP3) participate in adipocytokine and insulin signaling pathways. To investigate the role of the above signaling pathways in IMF deposition, the gene expression of pathway factors and other downstream genes were measured by using qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses. Collectively, the results identified potential candidate genes related to IMF deposition and suggested that IMF deposition in skeletal muscle of SLD chicken is regulated partially by pathways of adipocytokine and insulin and other downstream signaling pathways (TGF-β/SMAD3 and Wnt/catenin-βpathway).

Insights into the seasonal adaptive mechanisms of Chinese alligators (Alligator sinensis) from transcriptomic analyses

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongji Sun ◽  
Xianbo Zuo ◽  
Long Sun ◽  
Peng Yan ◽  
Fang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Seasonal Adaptation ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Chinese Alligator ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Alligator Sinensis

The Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis) is an endemic and rare species in China, and is considered to be one of the most endangered vertebrates in the world. It is known to hibernate, an energy-saving strategy against cold temperatures and food deprivation. Changes in gene expression during hibernation remain largely unknown. To understand these complex seasonal adaptive mechanisms, we performed a comprehensive survey of differential gene expression in heart, skeletal muscle, and kidney of hibernating and active Chinese alligators using RNA-Sequencing. In total, we identified 4780 genes differentially expressed between the active and hibernating periods. GO and KEGG pathway analysis indicated the likely role of these differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The upregulated DEGs in the active Chinese alligator, CSRP3, MYG and PCKGC, may maintain heart and skeletal muscle contraction, transport and storage of oxygen, and enhance the body’s metabolism, respectively. The upregulated DEGs in the dormant Chinese alligator, ADIPO, CIRBP and TMM27, may improve insulin sensitivity and glucose/lipid metabolism, protect cells against harmful effects of cold temperature and hypoxia, regulate amino acid transport and uptake, and stimulate the proliferation of islet cells and the secretion of insulin. These results provide a foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms of the seasonal adaptation required for hibernation in Chinese alligators, as well as effective information for other non-model organisms research.

scholarly journals Insight into Molecular Profile Changes after Skeletal Muscle Contusion Using Microarray and Bioinformatics Analyses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Li ◽  
Ru-feng Bai ◽  
Chun Li ◽  
Li-hong Dang ◽  
Qiu-xiang Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Molecular Profile ◽  
Wound Age ◽  
Functional Modules

Abstract Background: Muscle trauma frequently occurs in daily life. However, the molecular mechanisms of muscle healing, which partly depend on the extent of the damage, are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate gene expression profiles following mild and severe muscle contusion, and to provide more information about the molecular mechanisms underlying the repair process.Methods: A total of 33 rats were divided randomly into control (n = 3), mild contusion (n = 15), and severe contusion (n = 15) groups; the contusion groups were further divided into five subgroups (1, 3, 24, 48, and 168 h post-injury; n = 3 per subgroup). Then full genome microarray of RNA isolated from muscle tissue was performed to access the gene expression changes during healing process.Results: A total of 2,844 and 2,298 differentially expressed genes were identified in the mild and severe contusion groups, respectively. The analysis of the overlapping differentially expressed genes showed that there are common mechanisms of transcriptomic repair of mild and severe contusion within 48 h post-contusion. This was supported by the results of principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering, and weighted gene co‐expression network analysis of the 1,620 coexpressed genes in mildly and severely contused muscle. From these analyses, we discovered that the gene profiles in functional modules and temporal clusters were similar between the mild and severe contusion groups; moreover, the genes showed time-dependent patterns of expression, which allowed us to identify useful markers of wound age. We then performed an analysis of the functions of genes (including Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway annotation, and protein–protein interaction network analysis) in the functional modules and temporal clusters, and the hub genes in each module–cluster pair were identified. Interestingly, we found that genes downregulated within 24−48 h of the healing process were largely associated with metabolic processes, especially oxidative phosphorylation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, which has been rarely reported. Conclusions: These results improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying muscle repair, and provide a basis for further studies of wound age estimation.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic signatures of ageing vary in solitary and social forms of an orchid bee

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice C. Séguret ◽  
Eckart Stolle ◽  
Fernando A. Fleites-Ayil ◽  
José Javier G. Quezada-Euán ◽  
Klaus Hartfelder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Juvenile Hormone ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Gene Networks ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Eusocial Insects ◽  
Orchid Bee ◽  
Social Forms

AbstractEusocial insect queens are remarkable in their ability to maximise both fecundity and longevity, thus escaping the typical trade-off between these two traits. In species exhibiting complex eusocial behaviour, several mechanisms have been proposed to underlie the remoulding of the trade-off, such as reshaping of the juvenile hormone pathway, or caste-specific susceptibility to oxidative stress. However, it remains a challenge to disentangle the molecular mechanisms underlying the remoulding of the trade-off in eusocial insects from caste-specific physiological attributes that have subsequently arisen due to their different life histories. Socially plastic species such as the orchid bee Euglossa viridissima represent excellent models to address the role of sociality per se in longevity as they allow direct comparisons of solitary and social individuals within a common genetic background. We present data on gene expression and juvenile hormone levels from young and old bees, from both solitary and social nests. We found 940 genes to be differentially expressed with age in solitary females, versus only 14 genes in social dominant females, and seven genes in subordinate females. We performed a weighted gene co-expression network analysis to further highlight candidate genes related to ageing in this species. Primary “ageing gene” candidates were related to protein synthesis, gene expression, immunity and venom production. Remarkably, juvenile hormone titres did not vary with age or social status. These results represent an important step in understanding the proximate mechanisms underlying the remodeling of the fecundity/longevity trade-off that accompanies the evolutionary transition from solitary life to eusociality.Significance statementThe remarkably long lifespan of the queens of eusocial insects despite their high reproductive output suggests that they are not subject to the widespread trade-off between fecundity and longevity that governs solitary animal life histories, yet surprisingly little is known of the molecular mechanisms underpinning their longevity. Using a socially plastic bee in which some individuals of a population are social whilst others are solitary, we identified hundreds of candidate genes and related gene networks that are involved in the remoulding of the fecundity/longevity tradeoff. As well as identifying candidate ageing genes, our data suggest that even in incipient stages of sociality there is a marked reprogramming of ageing; long live the queen.

scholarly journals Comparative transcriptome and histomorphology analysis of testis tissues from mulard and Pekin ducks

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-313
Author(s):  
Li Li ◽  
Linli Zhang ◽  
Zhenghong Zhang ◽  
Nemat O. Keyhani ◽  
Qingwu Xin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Transcriptome Sequencing ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Pekin Duck ◽  
Comparative Transcriptome ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Pekin Ducks ◽  
Testis Tissue

Abstract. Testicular transcriptomes were analyzed to characterize the differentially expressed genes between mulard and Pekin ducks, which will help establish gene expression datasets to assist in further determination of the mechanisms of genetic sterility in mulard ducks. Paraffin sections were made to compare the developmental differences in testis tissue between mulard and Pekin ducks. Comparative transcriptome sequencing of testis tissues was performed, and the expression of candidate genes was verified by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In mulard ducks, spermatogonia and spermatocytes were arranged in a disordered manner, and no mature sperm were observed in the testis tissue. However, different stages of development of sperm were observed in seminiferous tubules in the testis tissue of Pekin ducks. A total of 43.84 Gb of clean reads were assembled into 193 535 UniGenes. Of these, 2131 transcripts exhibited differential expression (false discover rate <0.001 and fold change ≥2), including 997 upregulated and 1134 downregulated transcripts in mulard ducks as compared to those in Pekin duck testis tissues. Several upregulated genes were related to reproductive functions, including ryanodine receptor 2 (RYR2), calmodulin (CALM), argininosuccinate synthase and delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase ALDH18A1 (P5CS). Downregulated transcripts included the testis-specific serine/threonine-protein kinase 3, aquaporin-7 (AQP7) and glycerol kinase GlpK (GK). The 10 related transcripts involved in the developmental biological process were identified by GO (Gene Ontology) annotation. The KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways indicated that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and calcium signaling pathways were significantly (P<0.001) associated with normal testis physiology. The differential expression of select genes implicated in reproductive processes was verified by qRT-PCR, which was consistent with the expression trend of transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). Differentially expressed candidate genes RYR2, CALM, P5CS, AQP7 and GK were identified by transcriptional analysis in mulard and Pekin duck testes. These were important for the normal development of the male duck reproductive system. These data provide a framework for the further exploration of the molecular and genetic mechanisms of sterility in mulard ducks. Highlights. The mulard duck is an intergeneric sterile hybrid offspring resulting from mating between Muscovy and Pekin ducks. The transcriptomes of testis tissue from mulard and Pekin ducks were systematically characterized, and differentially expressed genes were screened, in order to gain insights into potential gonad gene expression mechanisms contributing to genetic sterility in mulard ducks.

scholarly journals Response of Fatty Acid Synthesis Genes to the Binding of Human Salivary Amylase by Streptococcus gordonii

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 1865-1875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna E. Nikitkova ◽  
Elaine M. Haase ◽  
M. Margaret Vickerman ◽  
Steven R. Gill ◽  
Frank A. Scannapieco
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Streptococcus Gordonii ◽  
Bacterial Survival ◽  
Salivary Amylase ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTStreptococcus gordonii, an important primary colonizer of dental plaque biofilm, specifically binds to salivary amylase via the surface-associated amylase-binding protein A (AbpA). We hypothesized that a function of amylase binding toS. gordoniimay be to modulate the expression of chromosomal genes, which could influence bacterial survival and persistence in the oral cavity. Gene expression profiling by microarray analysis was performed to detect genes inS. gordoniistrain CH1 that were differentially expressed in response to the binding of purified human salivary amylase versus exposure to purified heat-denatured amylase. Selected genes found to be differentially expressed were validated by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR). Five genes from the fatty acid synthesis (FAS) cluster were highly (10- to 35-fold) upregulated inS. gordoniiCH1 cells treated with native amylase relative to those treated with denatured amylase. AnabpA-deficient strain ofS. gordoniiexposed to amylase failed to show a response in FAS gene expression similar to that observed in the parental strain. Predicted phenotypic effects of amylase binding toS. gordoniistrain CH1 (associated with increased expression of FAS genes, leading to changes in fatty acid synthesis) were noted; these included increased bacterial growth, survival at low pH, and resistance to triclosan. These changes were not observed in the amylase-exposedabpA-deficient strain, suggesting a role for AbpA in the amylase-induced phenotype. These results provide evidence that the binding of salivary amylase elicits a differential gene response inS. gordonii, resulting in a phenotypic adjustment that is potentially advantageous for bacterial survival in the oral environment.

scholarly journals Gene expression vs. sequence divergence: comparative transcriptome sequencing among natural Rhinolophus ferrumequinum populations with different acoustic phenotypes

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanbo Zhao ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
Tong Liu ◽  
Sen Liu ◽  
Longru Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Orthologous Gene ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Genetic Lineages ◽  
Rhinolophus Ferrumequinum ◽  
Horseshoe Bat

Abstract Background Although the sensory drive hypothesis can explain the geographic variation in echolocation frequencies of some bat species, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are still unclear. The three lineages of greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) in China (northeast, central-east, and southwest) have significant geographic variation in resting frequencies (RF) of echolocation calls. Because their cochleae have an acoustic fovea that is highly sensitive to a narrow range of frequencies, we reported the transcriptomes of cochleae collected from three genetic lineages of R. ferrumequinum, which is an ideal organism for studying geographic variation in echolocation signals, and tried to understand the mechanisms behind this bat phenomenon by analyzing gene expression and sequence variation. Results A total of 8190 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. We identified five modules from all DEGs that were significantly related to RF or forearm length (FL). DEGs in the RF-related modules were significantly enriched in the gene categories involved in neural activity, learning, and response to sound. DEGs in the FL-related modules were significantly enriched in the pathways related to muscle and actin functions. Using 21,945 single nucleotide polymorphisms, we identified 18 candidate unigenes associated with hearing, five of which were differentially expressed among the three populations. Additionally, the gene ERBB4, which regulates diverse cellular processes in the inner ear such as cell proliferation and differentiation, was in the largest module. We also found 49 unigenes that were under positive selection from 4105 one-to-one orthologous gene pairs between the three R. ferrumequinum lineages and three other Chiroptera species. Conclusions The variability of gene expression and sequence divergence at the molecular level might provide evidence that can help elucidate the genetic basis of geographic variation in echolocation signals of greater horseshoe bats.

Microarray analysis of gene expression during early stages of mild and severe cardiac hypertrophy

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudarsan Rajan ◽  
Sarah S. Williams ◽  
Ganapathy Jagatheesan ◽  
Rafeeq P. H. Ahmed ◽  
Geraldine Fuller-Bicer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cardiac Hypertrophy ◽  
Microarray Analysis ◽  
Ventricular Hypertrophy ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Transgenic Mouse Models ◽  
Ventricular Tissue ◽  
Gene Transcripts

Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC) is a disease characterized by ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis, and aberrant systolic and/or diastolic function. We previously developed two transgenic mouse models that carry FHC-associated mutations in α-tropomyosin (TM): FHC α-TM175 mice show patchy areas of mild ventricular disorganization and limited hypertrophy, whereas FHC α-TM180 mice exhibit severe hypertrophy and fibrosis and die within 6 mo. To obtain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with the early onset of cardiac hypertrophy, we conducted a detailed comparative analysis of gene expression in 2.5-mo-old control, FHC α-TM175, and α-TM180 ventricular tissue. Results show that 754 genes (from a total of 22,600) were differentially expressed between the nontransgenic (NTG) and the FHC hearts. There are 178 differentially regulated genes between NTG and the FHC α-TM175 hearts, 388 genes are differentially expressed between NTG and FHC α-TM180 hearts, and 266 genes are differentially expressed between FHC α-TM175 and FHC α-TM180 hearts. Genes that exhibit the largest increase in expression belong to the “secreted/extracellular matrix” category, and those with the most significant decrease in expression are associated with “metabolic enzymes.” Confirmation of the microarray analysis was conducted by quantitative real-time PCR on gene transcripts commonly associated with cardiac hypertrophy.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Gene Expression Revealed by Comparison of Serial Analysis of Gene Expression Transcript Profiles from Yeast Grown on Two Different Carbon Sources

1999 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1859-1872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnoud J. Kal ◽  
Anton Jan van Zonneveld ◽  
Vladimir Benes ◽  
Marlene van den Berg ◽  
Marian Groot Koerkamp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Mitochondrial Enzymes ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Redox Shuttles ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Transcript Profiles ◽  
Yeast Genes

We describe a genome-wide characterization of mRNA transcript levels in yeast grown on the fatty acid oleate, determined using Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE). Comparison of this SAGE library with that reported for glucose grown cells revealed the dramatic adaptive response of yeast to a change in carbon source. A major fraction (>20%) of the 15,000 mRNA molecules in a yeast cell comprised differentially expressed transcripts, which were derived from only 2% of the total number of ∼6300 yeast genes. Most of the mRNAs that were differentially expressed code for enzymes or for other proteins participating in metabolism (e.g., metabolite transporters). In oleate-grown cells, this was exemplified by the huge increase of mRNAs encoding the peroxisomal β-oxidation enzymes required for degradation of fatty acids. The data provide evidence for the existence of redox shuttles across organellar membranes that involve peroxisomal, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial enzymes. We also analyzed the mRNA profile of a mutant strain with deletions of the PIP2and OAF1 genes, encoding transcription factors required for induction of genes encoding peroxisomal proteins. Induction of genes under the immediate control of these factors was abolished; other genes were up-regulated, indicating an adaptive response to the changed metabolism imposed by the genetic impairment. We describe a statistical method for analysis of data obtained by SAGE.

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