scholarly journals Morphometric analysis of Passiflora leaves: the relationship between landmarks of the vasculature and elliptical Fourier descriptors of the blade

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel H. Chitwood ◽  
Wagner C. Otoni
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Fourier Descriptors ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Pairwise Correlation ◽  
Leaf Patterning ◽  
Distinct Features ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Node Position

AbstractBACKGROUNDLeaf shape among Passiflora species is spectacularly diverse. Underlying this diversity in leaf shape are profound changes in the patterning of the primary vasculature and laminar outgrowth. Each of these aspects of leaf morphology—vasculature and blade—provides different insights into leaf patterning.RESULTSHere, we morphometrically analyze >3,300 leaves from 40 different Passiflora species collected sequentially across the vine. Each leaf is measured in two different ways: using 1) 15 homologous Procrustes-adjusted landmarks of the vasculature, sinuses, and lobes and 2) Elliptical Fourier Descriptors (EFDs), which quantify the outline of the leaf. The ability of landmarks, EFDs, and both datasets together are compared to determine their relative ability to predict species and node position within the vine. Pairwise correlation of x and y landmark coordinates and EFD harmonic coefficients reveals close associations between traits and insights into the relationship between vasculature and blade patterning.CONCLUSIONSLandmarks, more reflective of the vasculature, and EFDs, more reflective of the blade contour, describe both similar and distinct features of leaf morphology. Landmarks and EFDs vary in ability to predict species identity and node position in the vine and exhibit a correlational structure (both within landmark or EFD traits and between the two data types) revealing constraints between vascular and blade patterning underlying natural variation in leaf morphology among Passiflora species.

scholarly journals Identification of Vietnamese Paphiopedilum Species Using Vegetative Morphology

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Huyen- Trang Vu ◽  
My-Huyen Bui ◽  
Quoc-Luan Vu ◽  
Thanh-Diem Nguyen ◽  
Hop Tran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Molecular Methods ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
The One ◽  
Distinct Features ◽  
First Time ◽  
Efficient Recognition

Background: Discrimination of Paphiopedilum species using floral morphology has been used effectively and commonly due to distinct features of their reproductive parts. Most classification references also focus on description of flower morphology and structure. Nevertheless species preservation meets great problems when illegal trading plants are mostly at non-flowered or plantlet stages. Molecular approaches have been applied and obtained highly precise results but spent time and could not rate 100% of resolution over the genus. Thus, quickly identification using only vegetative characteristics would be an efficient support for other distinguishing methods and a remarkable contribution to the detection and prevention of Paphiopedilum ilicit sales. Aims: In this research we aimed to describe in details leaf features of Paphiopedilum species in Vietnam serving for quick and easy discriminating species without flower present or laboratory techniques. Study Design:  Observed variables based on qualitative features of leaf shape, color, vein feature, thickness, toughness and quantitative features of leaf size were saved and organized using Microsoft Excel 2010. Place and Duration of Study: Tay Nguyen Institute for Scientific Research, Agricultural Genetics Institute, between November 2018 and November 2019. Methodology: We minutely analyzed the leaf morphology of nineteen species and two variants which belongs to Vietnamese Paphiopedilum population in an order manner from parameters that easiest to be realized to the less clearly traits for the most efficient recognition even to the one who is not botanist. Results: 16 out of 20 species were identified using leaf morphology. This rate was up to 100% when combining morphological and molecular methods without the present of their flowers. An artificial key to genus Paphiopedilum using the vegetative details was first time established. Conclusion: Leaf morphology can be effectively used as the first step for identifying Paphiopedilum species. Our results provided useful tool in severally or in combination with molecular methods in biodiversity and commercial management of these valuable species.

scholarly journals Composite modeling of leaf shape across shoots discriminates Vitis species better than individual leaves

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail E. Bryson ◽  
Maya Wilson Brown ◽  
Joey Mullins ◽  
Wei Dong ◽  
Keivan Bahmani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Polynomial Function ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Vitis Species ◽  
Individual Leaf ◽  
True Diversity ◽  
Grapevine Leaves ◽  
Composite Modeling ◽  
Better Than

ABSTRACTPremise of studyLeaf morphology is dynamic, continuously deforming during leaf expansion and among leaves within a shoot. We measured leaf morphology from over 200 vines over four years, and modeled changes in leaf shape along the shoot to determine if a composite “shape of shapes” can better capture variation and predict species identity compared to individual leaves.MethodsUsing homologous universal landmarks found in grapevine leaves, we modeled various morphological features as a polynomial function of leaf node. The resulting functions are used to reconstruct modeled leaf shapes across shoots, generating composite leaves that comprehensively capture the spectrum of possible leaf morphologies.ResultsWe found that composite leaves are better predictors of species identity than individual leaves from the same plant. We were able to use composite leaves to predict species identity of previously unassigned vines, which were verified with genotyping.DiscussionObservations of individual leaf shape fail to capture the true diversity between species. Composite leaf shape—an assemblage of modeled leaf snapshots across the shoot—is a better representation of the dynamic and essential shapes of leaves, as well as serving as a better predictor of species identity than individual leaves.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Physiological Response Type (RA and SA) and Vibrissal Receptive Field of Neurons Within the Rat Trigeminal Ganglion

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 3129-3145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven C. Leiser ◽  
Karen A. Moxon
Keyword(s):  
Trigeminal Ganglion ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Somatosensory System ◽  
Response Type ◽  
Physiological Level ◽  
Somatotopic Organization ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
Distinct Features ◽  
The Relationship

Cells within the trigeminal ganglion (Vg) encode all the information necessary for the rat to differentiate tactile stimuli, yet it is the least-studied component in the rodent trigeminal somatosensory system. For example, extensive anatomical and electrophysiological investigations have shown clear somatotopic organization in the higher levels of this system, including VPM thalamus and SI cortex, yet whether this conserved schemata exists in the Vg is unknown. Moreover although there is recent interest in recording from vibrissae-responsive cells in the Vg, it is surprising to note that the locations of these cells have not even been clearly demarcated. To address this, we recorded extracellularly from 350 sensory-responsive Vg neurons in 35 Long-Evans rats. First, we determined three-dimensional locations of these cells and found a finer detail of somatotopy than previously reported. Cells innervating dorsal facial features, even within the whisker region, were more dorsal than midline and ventral features. We also show more cells with caudal than rostral whisker receptive fields (RF), similar to that found in VPM and SI. Next, for each vibrissal cell we determined its response type classified as either rapidly (RA) or slowly (SA) adapting. We examined the relationship between vibrissal RF and response type and demonstrate similar proportions of RA and SA cells responding to any whisker. These results suggest that if RA and SA cells encode distinct features of stimuli, as previously suggested, then at the basic physiological level each whisker has similar abilities to encode for such features.

scholarly journals Pup ultrasonic isolation calls of six gerbil species and the relationship between acoustic traits and body size

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 201558
Author(s):  
Julia D. Kozhevnikova ◽  
Ilya A. Volodin ◽  
Alexandra S. Zaytseva ◽  
Olga G. Ilchenko ◽  
Elena V. Volodina
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Peak Frequency ◽  
Meriones Unguiculatus ◽  
Similar Relationship ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Call Duration ◽  
Acoustic Adaptation ◽  
Ultrasonic Calls ◽  
The Relationship

Among Gerbillinae rodents, ultrasonic calls of adults of small-sized species are typically higher frequency than those of adults of large-sized species. This study investigates whether a similar relationship can be found in pups of six gerbil species ( Dipodillus campestris , Gerbillus perpallidus , Meriones unguiculatus , Meriones vinogradovi , Sekeetamys calurus and Pachyuromys duprasi ). We compared the average values of acoustic variables (duration, fundamental and peak frequency) of ultrasonic calls (20 calls per pup, 1200 in total) recorded from 6- to 10-day-old pups (10 pups per species, 60 in total) isolated for 2 min at 22°C and then weighed and measured for body variables. The longest calls (56 ± 33 ms) were found in the largest species, and the highest frequency calls (74.8 ± 5.59 kHz) were found in the smallest species. However, across species, call duration (ranging from 56 to 159 ms among species) did not display a significant relationship with pup body size; and, among frequency variables, only the minimum fundamental frequency depended on pup body size. Discriminant analysis assigned 100% of calls to the correct species. The effect of species identity on the acoustics was stronger than the effect of body size. We discuss these results with the hypotheses of acoustic adaptation, social complexity, hearing ranges and phylogeny.

scholarly journals Leaf shape is a predictor of fruit quality and cultivar performance in tomato

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven D. Rowland ◽  
Kristina Zumstein ◽  
Hokuto Nakayama ◽  
Zizhang Cheng ◽  
Amber M. Flores ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
List Type ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Tomato Crop

SummaryCommercial tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the most widely grown vegetable crops worldwide. Heirloom tomatoes retain extensive genetic diversity and a considerable range of fruit quality and leaf morphological traits.Here the role of leaf morphology was investigated for its impact on fruit quality. Heirloom cultivars were grown in field conditions and BRIX by Yield (BY) and other traits measured over a fourteen-week period. The complex relationships among these morphological and physiological traits were evaluated using PLS-Path Modeling, and a consensus model developed.Photosynthesis contributed strongly to vegetative biomass and sugar content of fruits but had a negative impact on yield. Conversely leaf shape, specifically rounder leaves, had a strong positive impact on both fruit sugar content and yield. Cultivars such as Stupice and Glacier, with very round leaves, had the highest performance in both fruit sugar and yield. Our model accurately predicted BY for two commercial cultivars using leaf shape data as input.This study revealed the importance of leaf shape to fruit quality in tomato, with rounder leaves having significantly improved fruit quality. This correlation was maintained across a range of diverse genetic backgrounds and shows the importance of leaf morphology in tomato crop improvement.

scholarly journals The Biodiversity–Biomass Relationship of Aquatic Macrophytes Is Regulated by Water Depth: A Case Study of a Shallow Mesotrophic Lake in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Ma ◽  
Lei Yang ◽  
Tian Lv ◽  
Zhenjun Zuo ◽  
Haocun Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Aquatic Macrophyte ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Community Biomass ◽  
Macrophyte Communities ◽  
Macrophyte Community ◽  
Evenness Indices ◽  
Aquatic Macrophyte Community ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between biodiversity and productivity (or biomass production) (BPR) has been a popular topic in macroecology and debated for decades. However, this relationship is poorly understood in macrophyte communities, and the mechanism of the BPR pattern of the aquatic macrophyte community is not clear. We investigated 78 aquatic macrophyte communities in a shallow mesotrophic freshwater lake in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. We analyzed the relationship between biodiversity (species richness, diversity, and evenness indices) and community biomass, and the effects of water environments and interspecific interactions on biodiversity–biomass patterns. Unimodal patterns between community biomass and diversity indices instead of evenness indices are shown, and these indicate the importance of both the number and abundance of species when studying biodiversity–biomass patterns under mesotrophic conditions. These patterns were moderated by species identity biologically and water depth environmentally. However, water depth determined the distribution and growth of species with different life-forms as well as species identities through environmental filtering. These results demonstrate that water depth regulates the biodiversity–biomass pattern of the aquatic macrophyte community as a result of its effect on species identity and species distribution. Our study may provide useful information for conservation and restoration of macrophyte vegetation in shallow lakes through matching water depth and species or life-form combinations properly to reach high ecosystem functions and services.

Snail-borne zoonotic trematodes in edible viviparid snails obtained from wet markets in Northern Thailand

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Chantima ◽  
C. Rika
Keyword(s):  
Adult Stage ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Snail Species ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Northern Thailand ◽  
Total Prevalence ◽  
Second Intermediate Host ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Edible viviparid snails are suspected to be the source of human echinostomiasis in Thailand, but little is known about the prevalence of viviparid snail parasitization by echinostomes in snails sold for human consumption in wet markets. Here, the prevalence of echinostome metacercariae and the association between parasitic intensity and host size, as well as the relationship to host species, were investigated. In total, 1100 viviparid snails belonging to four species (Cipangopaludina annandalei, Filopaludina martensi martensi, F. sumatrensis polygramma and F. doliaris) were obtained from wet markets in Chiang Rai Province, Northern Thailand. All snail species were found to be infected with echinostome metacercariae with total prevalence and mean intensity values of 16.5% and 16.4, respectively. The metacercariae of the avian trematode, Thapariella anastomusa were found in Filopaludina spp. snails. Interestingly, C. annandalei identified in this study had not previously been considered a food source and this is the first report of echinostome metacercaria in this snail species. Results confirmed the role of C. annandalei as the second intermediate host of the trematode; however, the species identity of these echinostomes remains unclear. Comparative morphology of these metacercariae and their adult stage require further study, and molecular markers are necessary to confirm their identification. Prevalence and intensity of echinostomes metacercariae was significantly associated with snail species.

scholarly journals The Evaluation of Genotype × Environment Interactions of Citrus Leaf Morphology Using Image Analysis and Elliptic Fourier Descriptors

2002 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyoshi Iwata ◽  
Hirohisa Nesumi ◽  
Seishi Ninomiya ◽  
Yasushi Takano ◽  
Yasuo Ukai
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Fourier Descriptors ◽  
Citrus Leaf ◽  
Elliptic Fourier Descriptors

Baseline CTC subtype to predict outcomes on mCRPC patients (pts) receiving enzalutamide (E) compared to abiraterone (A).

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 5070-5070
Author(s):  
Howard I. Scher ◽  
Adam Jendrisak ◽  
Nicole A. Schreiber ◽  
Brigit McLaughlin ◽  
Ryon P Graf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Profile ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Large Nucleus ◽  
Percent Time ◽  
Type K ◽  
Unique Biology ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Poor Outcomes ◽  
Distinct Features ◽  
The Relationship

5070 Background: Prior response to A or E does not predict sensitivity to E following A or A following E. The detection of AR-V7 predicts insensitivity to either drug, but identifies only a portion of non-responders. We previously identified 15 CTC subtypes based on unique phenotypic features in mCRPC pts, each with unique biology and different degree of likelihood of predicting resistance to either drug. Here we explored the relationship between individual subtypes and sensitivity to A vs. E, but not both. Methods: 107 pre-treatment blood samples from mCRPC pts starting A (n = 47) or E (n = 60) as a 1st or 2nd line of Tx were analyzed for CTCs utilizing the Epic Sciences platform. Samples were assayed for CTC subtypes based upon 15 pre-defined phenotypic CTC classifiers (Type A-O). Treatment outcomes were assessed by serial PSA changes and landmarked percent time of therapy progression on radiographs, and overall survival following either A or E. Cell type prevalence was also analyzed in relation to clinical outcomes, and subsets of the CTC subtypes subject to single cell NGS to ascertain genomic drivers common to each subtype. Results: CTCs were identified in 94% (101/107) of pt samples. One, cell Type K, found in 25% (27/107) of pts, was associated with a statistically significant inferior outcomes on E for all measures. Whereas similar outcomes were seen between K+ & K- pts treated with A. The distinct features of Cell Type K include a large nucleus, high nuclear entropy and high Nuclear/cytoplasmic AR terminal ratio; and a unique genomic profile enriched for cell cycle and DNA repair alterations relative to other CTC subtypes. Conclusions: The presence of specific CTC subtypes in pre-Rx phlebotomy samples associated with outcomes on A or E. A CTC subtype (Cell Type K) helped to identify pts with poor outcomes on E but not A vs. those without the cell type. Further biologic interrogation of K cells and ongoing clincial validation of the CTC subtype is planned. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals Divergent leaf shapes among Passiflora species arise from a shared juvenile morphology

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel H. Chitwood ◽  
Wagner C. Otoni
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Fourier Descriptors ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Relative Area ◽  
Temporal Development ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Linear Relationships

AbstractPREMISE OF THE STUDYNot only does leaf shape vary between Passiflora species, but between sequential nodes of the vine. The profound changes in leaf shape within Passiflora vines reflect the temporal development of the shoot apical meristem from which leaves are derived and patterned, a phenomenon known as heteroblasty.METHODSWe perform a morphometric analysis of more than 3,300 leaves from 40 different Passiflora species using two different methods: homologous landmarks and Elliptical Fourier Descriptors (EFDs).KEY RESULTSChanges in leaf shape across the vine are first quantified in allometric terms; that is, changes in the relative area of leaf sub-regions expressed in terms of overall leaf area. Shape is constrained to strict linear relationships as a function of size that vary between species. Statistical analysis of leaf shape, using landmarks and EFDs, reveals that species effects are the strongest, followed by interaction effects, and negligible heteroblasty effects. The ability of different nodes to predictively discriminate species and the variability of landmark and EFD traits at each node is then analyzed. Heteroblastic trajectories, the changes in leaf shape between the first and last measured leaves in a vine, are then compared between species in a multivariate space.CONCLUSIONLeaf shape diversity among Passiflora species is expressed in a heteroblastic-dependent manner. Leaf shape is constrained by linear, allometric relationships related to leaf size that vary between species. There is a strong species x heteroblasty interaction effect for leaf shape, suggesting that different leaf shapes between species arise through changes in shape across nodes. The first leaves in the series are not only more like each other, but are also less variable across species. From this similar, shared leaf shape, subsequent leaves in the heteroblastic series follow divergent morphological trajectories. The disparate leaf shapes characteristic of Passiflora species arise from a shared, juvenile morphology.

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