scholarly journals The combinatorics of discrete time-trees: theory and open problems

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Gavryushkin ◽  
Chris Whidden ◽  
Frederick A Matsen
Keyword(s):  
Shortest Paths ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Upper And Lower Bounds ◽  
Evolutionary Divergence ◽  
Discrete Approximations ◽  
Open Problems ◽  
Graph Theoretic ◽  
Tree Graphs ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Rooted Phylogenetic Tree

ABSTRACTA time-tree is a rooted phylogenetic tree such that all internal nodes are equipped with absolute divergence dates and all leaf nodes are equipped with sampling dates. Such time-trees have become a central object of study in phylogenetics but little is known about the parameter space of such objects. Here we introduce and study a hierarchy of discrete approximations of the space of time-trees from the graph-theoretic and algorithmic point of view. One of the basic and widely used phylogenetic graphs, the NNI graph, is the roughest approximation and bottom level of our hierarchy. More refined approximations discretize the relative timing of evolutionary divergence and sampling dates. We study basic graph-theoretic questions for these graphs, including the size of neighborhoods, diameter upper and lower bounds, and the problem of finding shortest paths. We settle many of these questions by extending the concept of graph grammars introduced by Sleator, Tarjan, and Thurston to our graphs. Although time values greatly increase the number of possible trees, we show that 1-neighborhood sizes remain linear, allowing for efficient local exploration and construction of these graphs. We also obtain upper bounds on the r-neighborhood sizes of these graphs, including a smaller bound than was previously known for NNI.Our results open up a number of possible directions for theoretical investigation of graph-theoretic and algorithmic properties of the time-tree graphs. We discuss the directions that are most valuable for phylogenetic applications and give a list of prominent open problems for those applications. In particular, we conjecture that the split theorem applies to shortest paths in time-tree graphs, a property not shared in the general NNI case.

Bounds on hyper-Wiener index of graphs

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (03) ◽  
pp. 1750057
Author(s):  
Abdollah Alhevaz ◽  
Maryam Baghipur ◽  
Sadegh Rahimi
Keyword(s):  
Lower Bounds ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
Wiener Index ◽  
Upper And Lower Bounds ◽  
Pharmacological Properties ◽  
Graph Theoretic ◽  
Acyclic Graphs ◽  
Wiener Number ◽  
Number Formula ◽  
Cyclic Graphs

The Wiener number [Formula: see text] of a graph [Formula: see text] was introduced by Harold Wiener in connection with the modeling of various physic-chemical, biological and pharmacological properties of organic molecules in chemistry. Milan Randić introduced a modification of the Wiener index for trees (acyclic graphs), and it is known as the hyper-Wiener index. Then Klein et al. generalized Randić’s definition for all connected (cyclic) graphs, as a generalization of the Wiener index, denoted by [Formula: see text] and defined as [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we establish some upper and lower bounds for [Formula: see text], in terms of other graph-theoretic parameters. Moreover, we compute hyper-Wiener number of some classes of graphs.

THE CONCEPT AS THE OBJECT OF STUDY OF LINGUISTICS

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-242
Author(s):  
K. Galiyeva ◽  
◽  
S. Isakova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Subject Areas ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon ◽  
Scientific Fields

The article is devoted to the definition of concept in modern linguistics. Various points of view and definitions of the basic concepts are considered: "concept", "conceptual sphere", "content". The aim of the article is to describe and explain such a complex unit as a concept from the point of view of linguistics. The object of research is studied in its various manifestations, the combination of verbal and nonverbal means of information expression in the conceptual sphere is revealed. the relevance of this topic is due to the need for a detailed consideration of the concept of concept based on the works of prominent scientists and linguists. Researchers treat the concept as a cognitive, psycholinguistic, linguocultural, cultural and linguistic phenomenon. The concept is an umbrella term because it "covers" the subject areas of several scientific fields: primarily cognitive psychology and cognitive linguistics.

scholarly journals On the Graph of Divisibility of an Integral Domain

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Greene Boynton ◽  
Jim Coykendall
Keyword(s):  
Topological Space ◽  
Integral Domain ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Topological Graph ◽  
Integral Domains ◽  
Graph Theoretic ◽  
Theoretic Point ◽  
Group Of Divisibility

AbstractIt is well known that the factorization properties of a domain are reflected in the structure of its group of divisibility. The main theme of this paper is to introduce a topological/graph-theoretic point of view to the current understanding of factorization in integral domains. We also show that connectedness properties in the graph and topological space give rise to a generalization of atomicity.

scholarly journals EPISTEMOLOGI AL-QURAN DALAM MEMBANGUN SAINS ISLAM

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iing Mishbahuddin
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Building Science ◽  
Philosophical Framework ◽  
Ontological Dimension ◽  
Theory Of Value ◽  
True Knowledge ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Epistemological Dimension ◽  
Science Part

Abstract: This article aims to elaborate on the Quran as the basis of Islamic epistemology in building science. The concept of science in the Quran, from the point of view of philosophy. Framework used to analyze this theme is the philosophical framework. In the paradigm of philosophy, science concepts can be classified in three dimensions; the first, an epistemological dimension, namely the study of philosophy from the aspect of how to acquire knowledge. Part of this philosophy is called the theory of knowledge, namely methodology to gain knowledge or science, or how to obtain a true knowledge; second, the ontological dimension, namely the branch of philosophy that discusses the object of study of science, or the nature of the study of science; and the third, axiological dimension, namely the branch of philosophy that discusses the purpose and use value and the value of the benefits of science. Part of this philosophy better known as the theory of value. And what about his role in building the Islamic sciences in Islamic universities in particular and in the Islamic world in general. Abstrak: Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengelaborasi al-Quran sebagai landasan epistemologi dalam membangun sains Islam. Konsep ilmu dalam al-Quran, ditinjau dari sudut pandang filsafat. Kerangka yang dipakai untuk menganalisis tema ini adalah kerangka pemikiran filsafat. Dalam paradigma filsafat, konsep ilmu dapat diklasifikasi dalam tiga dimensi; pertama, dimensi epistemologis, yakni kajian filsafat dari aspek bagaimana cara memperoleh ilmu pengetahuan. Bagian filsafat ini disebut teori ilmu pengetahuan, yaitu metodologi untuk mendapatkan ilmu pengetahuan, atau cara mendapatkan pengetahuan yang benar; kedua, dimensi ontologis, yakni cabang filsafat yang membahas tentang objek kajian ilmu pengetahuan, atau hakikat segala yang menjadi kajian ilmu; dan ketiga, dimensi aksiologis, yakni cabang filsafat yang mem-bahas tentang tujuan dan nilai guna serta nilai manfaat ilmu pengetahuan. Bagian filsafat ini lebih dikenal dengan teori nilai. Dan bagaimana peranannya dalam membangun sains Islam di perguruan tinggi Islam khususnya dan di dunia Islam pada umumnya. Keywords: al-Quran, ayat al-matluwah, ayat al-majluwah, al-‘ilm, al-ḥikmah, dan al-ma‘rifah.

scholarly journals Habiletes Sociales Acquises Au Sein Des Familles Et Resilience Au Passage A L’acte Delictueux Chez Des Jeunes Vivant Dans Des Quartiers Defavorises A Abobo. (Abidjan)

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (29) ◽  
pp. 315
Author(s):  
Traore Massandjé ◽  
Crizoa Hermann ◽  
N’goran N’faissoh Franck Stéphane
Keyword(s):  
Social Skills ◽  
Young People ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Disadvantaged Neighborhoods ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Future ◽  
Object Of Study

This study aims to explain the link between the social skills acquired within families and the resilience to the criminal act in young people living in disadvantaged neighborhoods in Abobo. The research was carried out in Abobo commune and involved 74 participants from different social categories. The collection of information relating to the object of study was based on questionnaire, interview and observation. The information collected was analyzed from a quantitative and qualitative point of view. The results of the study indicate that youth who are resilient to delinquency in the community are of all ages and both sexes. The study shows that the resilience to the criminal act in certain young people living in the precarious neighborhoods of the Abobo commune is explained by the ability to ask for help, self-control, development of a sense of autonomy and a projection into the future.

scholarly journals On the history of van der Waerden's theorem on arithmetic progressions

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-341
Author(s):  
Tom C. Brown ◽  
Jau-Shyong Peter Shiue
Keyword(s):  
Lower Bounds ◽  
Arithmetic Progressions ◽  
Upper And Lower Bounds ◽  
Open Problems ◽  
History Of

In this expository note, we discuss the celebrated theorem known as ``van der Waerden's theorem on arithmetic progressions", the history of work on upper and lower bounds for the function associated with this theorem, a number of generalizations, and some open problems.

scholarly journals A Análise do Videoclipe Sob a Perspectiva da Análise do Discurso Francesa para o Ensino da Língua Inglesa

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-166
Author(s):  
Rosangela Zimmer ◽  
Lucy Ferreira Azevedo
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
English Language ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Video Clip ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
School Students ◽  
Reading Workshop ◽  
Language Area ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Everyday Problems

As vivências como professora na área da língua inglesa da Educação Básica me motivaram a estudar leitura. A inquietação que surgiu foi: contextualizar culturalmente os temas propostos levaria o aluno a pensar a língua estrangeira com criticidade e consciência das diferenças entre esta e sua língua nativa? Nesta perspectiva, o objetivo deste artigo é documentar uma oficina de leitura em que houve a relação história e arte com critérios definidores do modo de funcionamento da Análise do Discurso francesa e a sua orientação em direção a problemas práticos do cotidiano, relacionados à língua e à comunicação. Para tanto, o estudo analisou e desenvolveu a leitura de um clipe em língua inglesa do ponto de vista da vida contemporânea, repensando o seu objeto de estudo, a escola, os alunos e os professores em diferentes contextos: corpo, etnia, nacionalidade, gênero, classe social, entre outros tópicos, conforme os textos estudados. O método de abordagem foi qualitativo, em pesquisa descritiva e bibliográfica com base nos autores da área da Análise do Discurso francesa, em apenas um clipe, entre oito oficinas compostas de clipes com temas diversificados em linguagem conotativa. Espera-se que o estudo aqui proposto culmine em um ensino que leve o estudante a pensar a outra cultura e, com ela, outras habilidades e competências em língua inglesa e consequentemente evolua com maior fluidez.   Palavras-chave: Ensino. Língua Inglesa. Videoclipe.   Abstract The experiences as a teacher in the English language area of ​​Basic Education motivated me to study reading. The concern that arose was to culturally contextualizing the proposed themes lead the student to think the foreign language with criticism and awareness of the differences between it and his native language? In this perspective, the aim of this article is to document a reading workshop in which there was a relationship between history and art with defining criteria of the way French Discourse Analysis works and its orientation towards practical everyday problems related to language and communication. To this end, the study analyzed and developed the reading of an English-language clip from the point of view of contemporary life, rethinking its object of study, school, students and teachers in different contexts: body, ethnicity, nationality, gender, social class, among other topics, according to the texts studied. The method of approach was qualitative, in descriptive and bibliographical research based on the authors of the French Discourse Analysis area, in only one clip, among eight workshops with clips with diverse themes in connotative language. It is expected that the study proposed here will culminate in a teaching that leads the student to think about another culture and, with it, other skills and competences in English language and consequently evolve with greater fluidity.   Keywords: Teaching. English Language. Video Clip.    

scholarly journals A Translator’s Wanderings in TranslationStudiesWorld

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 79-99
Author(s):  
Brian Mossop
Keyword(s):  
Applied Linguistics ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Canadian Government ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Object Of Study

This semi-autobiographical article reflects on the discipline known as Translation Studies from the point of view of the author, who was a full-time Canadian government translator from 1974 to 2014, but also taught and wrote about translation. The narrative begins with the emergence of Translation Studies in Canada and in Europe and continues through the present neoliberal era, with reflection on a variety of topics including the English name of the discipline, the lack of definition of an object of study, the original role of the journal Meta, and the notion of translation as applied linguistics. The last section considers two fictive scenarios in which Translation Studies does not emerge, and translation is studied, right from the start, in ways much more closely linked to the translation profession, with a focus on translators rather than translations, and therefore on translational production rather than the analysis of completed translations.

scholarly journals Perspectives pour la linguistique : de la linguistique descriptive à la linguistique explicative

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Wiesław Banyś
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Primitive Elements ◽  
Aim Of Science ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Main Components ◽  
General Linguistic ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The text deals with one of the challenges of linguistics, which is to effectively combine description and explanation in linguistics.It is necessary that linguistic theories are not only capable of adequately describing their object of study within their framework, but they must also have a suitable explanatory power.Linguistics centred around the explanation of the why of the system is called here ‘explanatory’ or ‘non-autonomous’, in contrast to ‘descriptive’ or ‘autonomous’ linguistics, which is focused on the description of the system, the distinction being based on the difference in the objects of study, the goals and the descriptive and explanatory possibilities of the theories.From the point of view presented here, a comprehensive study of language has three main components: a general theory of what language is, a resulting theory and description, which is a function of this theory, of how language is organised, functions and has evolved in the human brain, and an explanation of the properties of language found.The explanatory value of a general linguistic theory is a function of various elements, among others, the quantity of the primitive elements of the theory adopted and the effectiveness of Ockham’s razor principle of simplicity. It is also a function of the quality of those elements which can be drawn not only from within the system, but also from outside the system becoming in this situation logically prior to the object under study.In science, in linguistics, one naturally needs two types of approach, two types of linguistics, descriptive/autonomous and explanatory/non-autonomous, one must first describe reality in order to explain it. But it is also certain that since the aim of science is to explain in order to reach that higher level of scientificity above pure description, it is necessary that this aim be realized in different linguistic theories within different research programs, uniting descriptivist and explanatory approaches.

scholarly journals Metode dan Pendekatan dalam Studi Islam: Pembacaan atas Pemikiran Charles J. Adams

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Luluk Fikri Zuhriyah
Keyword(s):  
Single Point ◽  
Belief System ◽  
Sociology Of Religion ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
The West ◽  
History Of ◽  
Interesting Object ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Oriental Studies

<p>Islam has been an interesting object of study for both Muslims and non-Muslims over a long period of time. A number of methods and approaches have also been introduced. In due time, Islam is now no longer understood solely as a doctrine or a set of belief system. Nor is it interpreted merely as an historical process. Islam is a social system comprising of a complex web of human experience. Islam does not only consist of formal codes that individuals should look at and obey. It also contains some cultural, political and economic values. Islam is a civilization. Given the complex nature of Islam it is no longer possible to deal with it from a single point of view. An inter-disciplinary perspective is required.</p><p>In the West, social and humanities sciences have long been introduced in the study of religion; studies that put a stronger emphasis on what we currently know as the history of religion, psychology of religion, sociology of religion and so on. This kind of approach in turn, is also applied in the Western studies of the Eastern religions and communities.</p><p>Islam as a religion is also dealt with in this way in the West. It is treated as part of the oriental culture to the extent that—as Muhammad Abdul Raouf has correctly argued—Islamic studies became identical to the oriental studies. By all means, the West preceded the Muslims in studying Islam from modern perspectives; perspective that puts more emphasis on social, cultural, behavioral, political and economic aspects. Among the Western scholars that approach Islam from this angle is Charles Joseph Adams whose thought this research is interested to explore.</p>

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