scholarly journals Effect of cryopreservation and post-cryopreservation somatic embryogenesis on the epigenetic fidelity of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Adu-Gyamfi ◽  
Andy Wetten ◽  
Carlos Marcelino ◽  
Rodríguez López
Keyword(s):  
Somaclonal Variation ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Mutational Load ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L ◽  
Primary Somatic Embryos ◽  
Cryopreserved Embryos

While cocoa plants regenerated from cryopreserved somatic embryos can demonstrate high levels of phenotypic variability, little is known about the sources of the observed variability. Previous studies have shown that the encapsulation-dehydration cryopreservation methodology imposes no significant extra mutational load since embryos carrying high levels of genetic variability are selected against during protracted culture. Also, the use of secondary rather than primary somatic embryos has been shown to further reduce the incidence of genetic somaclonal variation. Here, the effect of in vitro conservation, cryopreservation and post-cryopreservation generation of somatic embryos on the appearance of epigenetic somaclonal variation were comparatively assessed. To achieve this we compared the epigenetic profiles, generated using Methylation Sensitive Amplified Polymorphisms, of leaves collected from the ortet tree and from cocoa somatic embryos derived from three in vitro conditions: somatic embryos, somatic embryos cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen and somatic embryos generated from cryoproserved somatic embryos. Somatic embryos accumulated epigenetic changes but these were less extensive than in those regenerated after storage in LN. Furthermore, the passage of cryopreserved embryos through another embryogenic stage led to further increase in variation. Interestingly, this detected variability appears to be in some measure reversible. The outcome of this study indicates that the cryopreservation induced phenotypic variability could be, at least partially, due to DNA methylation changes.Key messagePhenotypic variability observed in cryostored cocoa somatic-embryos is epigenetic in nature. This variability is partially reversible, not stochastic in nature but a directed response to the in-vitro culture and cryopreservation.

Theobroma cacao L.: an axillary bud in vitro propagation procedure

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
William P. Flynn ◽  
Leon J. Glicenstein ◽  
Paul J. Fritz
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
In Vitro Propagation ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

scholarly journals Pengaruh Sitokinin, Jenis Eksplan, dan Genotipe terhadap Embriogenesis Somatik Kakao

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Nur Ajijah ◽  
RR. Sri Hartati
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Embryo Formation ◽  
Primary Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Primary Somatic Embryos

<p><em>Information on the effect of cytokinins on cacao (</em>Theobroma cacao<em> L.) primary somatic embryogenesis and its interaction with explant types and genotypes is not yet known. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cytokinins and its interaction with explant types and genotypes on cacao somatic embryogenesis. The study was conducted at tissue culture laboratory of IAARD, Bogor from April until December 2012 and October 2014 until February 2016. Three types of cytokinins i.e. kinetin (0.58, 1.16, and 2.32 </em><em>μ</em><em>M), thidiazuron (0.01, 0.02, and 0.04 </em><em>μ</em><em>M) and benzylaminopurine (0.55, 1.11, and 2.22 </em><em>μ</em><em>M) in combination with 9 </em><em>μ</em><em>M 2,4-D were tested for their effectiveness in inducing somatic embryogenesis from petals and staminoid explants of Cimanggu 1 genotype. Furthermore, three levels of kinetin (0.58, 1.16, and 2.32 </em><em>μ</em><em>M</em><em>) also in combination with 9 </em><em>μ</em><em>M 2,4-D were evaluated for their influences on the somatic embryogenesis from petals and staminoid explants of three cacao genotypes i.e. Sulawesi 02, ICCRI 04 and Cimanggu 3. The result demonstrated that 2.32 </em><em>μ</em><em>M kinetin and staminoids explant were more effective to induce cacao somatic embryogenesis of Cimanggu 1 genotype (7%, 0.23 embryos/explant). Additionally, there were interaction effects between the level of kinetin with explant types and genotype on the percentage of explants forming embryo at 12 weeks after culture. The highest percentage of somatic embryo formation was shown by ICCRI 04 genotype with the use of petals explant and a kinetin level of 1.16 </em><em>μ</em><em>M (31.85%), but not significantly different from the level of kinetin 2.23 </em><em>μ</em><em>M (25.55%). The formation of primary somatic embryos of cacao is largely determined by the type and level of cytokinins, type of explant, and genotype.</em></p>

scholarly journals Actividad antibacteriana de la cáscara de cacao, Theobroma cacao L

2012 ◽  
pp. 3176-3183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Cuéllar G ◽  
Gloria Guerrero A
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Streptococcus Agalactiae ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

RESUMENObjetivo. Evaluar la actividad antibacteriana de diferentes fracciones de la cáscara de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). Materiales y métodos. Se evaluó la actividad antibacteriana mediante el método de difusión en agar de diferentes fracciones de la cáscara de cacao, empleando cepas autóctonas y de referencia ATCC. Posteriormente, se hizo un análisis de estas fracciones por cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia y cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. Resultados. La fracción clorofórmica presentó actividad antibacteriana frente a Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 y Streptococcus agalactiae (autóctona), con porcentajes de inhibición de 34.90% (100 μg/μl) y 52.40% (100 μg/μl) respectivamente. También se evidenció una concentración mínima inhibitoria de 512 μg/ml frente a Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 y de 128 μg/ml frente a Streptococcus agalactiae. Conclusiones. Este trabajo es el primer reporte a saber en Colombia sobre actividad antibacteriana in vitro de la cáscara de cacao, el cual resulta ser un avance importante para esta agroindustria. Esta investigación abre paso a otros estudios relacionados para establecer el espectro de inhibición frente a otros microorganismos.

Nanoencapsulación de compuestos bioactivos con actividad antioxidante de Justicia spicigera (Muicle) y Theobroma cacao L. (Cacao)

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-46
Author(s):  
Miguel Ángel Aguilar-Méndez ◽  
◽  
Eduardo San Martín Martínez ◽  
Jorge Yáñez-Fernández ◽  
Elisabeth Navarro-Cerón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

En este trabajo, se elaboraron nanopartículas cargadas con extractos polifenólicos de Theobroma cacao L. (cacao) y Justicia spicigera (muicle). El contenido de fenoles totales del grano de cacao y el muicle se determinó usando el reactivo Folin-Ciocalteu y la actividad antioxidante se estimó usando los ensayos DPPH (2,2-difenil-2-picrilhidrazilo) y FRAP (reducción férrica / poder antioxidante). El proceso de nanoencapsulación se realizó mediante un nano-secador por aspersión utilizando pectina y aislado de proteína de suero como materiales de pared. Los resultados mostraron que fue posible obtener nanopartículas con morfología esferoidal homogénea y un tamaño promedio de aproximadamente 500 nm. Los experimentos in vitro, en los que se utilizó el método DPPH para evaluar la prevalencia de la capacidad inhibitoria de radicales libres de los extractos nanoencapsulados, indicaron que las eficiencias de carga para las nanopartículas cargadas con ambos extractos fueron aproximadamente del 56.53 % y 41.38 % para muicle y cacao, respectivamente; de la misma manera los resultados de FRAP fueron equivalentes respecto a la capacidad antioxidante.

scholarly journals BIODEGRADASI LIMBAH KULIT BUAH KAKAO (Theobroma cacao L.) OLEH KAPANG Aspergillus niger DENGAN VARIASI JUMLAH INOKULUM DAN WAKTU INKUBASI

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Alfian Siswanto ◽  
Ida Bagus Gede Darmayasa ◽  
I Ketut Muksin
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Inoculum Concentration ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Crop waste or cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) processing waste that doesn’t handle with care can polluting the environment around the farm. Rind of cacao can be used for composting, but it can be less effective because the nutrient of fresh cacao rind too complex and the ratio of C/N too high. This research intention to knows the potential of Aspergillus niger to degrade cellulose on waste cacao rind who have high ratio of C/N, with combination inoculum concentration and incubation time. The methods of this research begin with isolation and identification of A. niger from litter of cacao field, then the in vitro test done by CMCA (Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose Agar) selective media, and then the cacao rind was testing by in vivo method. The results of this research shown that A. niger can degrade cellulose by in vitro ways, it can be seen by the clear zone that formed on CMCA selective media. The in vivo test on cacao rind shown decreasing of C/N ratio between 18,940%-40,623%. Combination of A3B3 treatment (15 mL inoculum concentration, 28 days incubation time) indicate the lowest C/N ratio 18,940%.

EFECTO ANTIFÚNGICO in vitro DE EXTRACTOS METANÓLICOS DE Capsicum spp. EN Moniliophthora roreri

Agrociencia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 813-824
Author(s):  
Dario De la Cruz-Ricardez ◽  
Carlos F. Ortiz-García ◽  
Luz del C. Lagunes-Espinoza ◽  
Magdiel Torres-de la Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Capsicum Spp ◽  
Moniliophthora Roreri ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Uno de los principales problemas fitosanitarios en la producción de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en Latinoamérica y en México es la moniliasis, causada por Moniliophthora roreri. Este fitopatógeno causa más del 75% de pérdidas en la producción anual. Los metabolitos secundarios del género Capsicum tienen efectos antifúngicos, por lo que se pueden usar para el control de M. roreri. El objetivo de este experimento fue evaluar el efecto in vitro de extractos metanólicos (EM) de tres especies de Capsicum sobre M. roreri. Los EM extraídos de frutos inmaduros de C. chinense, C. frutescens, y dos morfotipos de C. annuum var. glabriusculum se probaron a dos concentraciones: 1000 y 2500 mg L-1, y se evaluaron en la inhibición del crecimiento micelial, la esporulación y la viabilidad de conidios producidos de M. roreri. Ambas dosis (tratamientos) se establecieron bajo un diseño experimental completamente al azar con cinco repeticiones; cada caja de Petri fue una unidad experimental, los datos se analizaron con ANDEVA y las medias se compararon con la prueba de Tukey (p≤0.05). Moniliophthora roreri fue sensible a los EM de las tres especies. Los EM de C. annuum var. glabriusculum en sus morfotipos amashito (AM) y garbanzo (GA) a 2500 mg L-1 inhibieron el crecimiento micelial hasta en 95%. Los EM de C. annuum var. glabriusculum AM y GA a 2500 mg L-1 inhibieron totalmente la producción de conidios en ambas concentraciones. Los EM de C. chinense y C. annuum var. glabriusculum GA inhibieron hasta 35% la viabilidad de conidios de M. roreri. La sensibilidad in vitro de M. roreri a EM de C. annuum var. glabriusculum AM y GA permite sugerir el efecto de los extractos en el campo de cultivo.

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