scholarly journals Micro- and macroevolutionary trade-offs in plant-feeding insects

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Peterson ◽  
Nate B. Hardy ◽  
Benjamin B. Normark
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Positive Interactions ◽  
Host Use ◽  
Historical Contingency ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Plant Feeding ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Network Patterns

AbstractA long-standing hypothesis asserts that plant-feeding insects specialize on particular host plants because of negative interactions (trade-offs) between adaptations to alternative hosts, yet empirical evidence for such trade-offs is scarce. Most studies have looked for microevolutionary performance trade-offs within insect species, but host-use could also be constrained by macroevolutionary trade-offs caused by epistasis and historical contingency. On the other hand, evolutionary interactions between adaptations to diverse hosts could be neutral or positive rather than negative. Here we used a phylogenetic approach to estimate the micro-and macroevolutionary correlations between use of alternative host plants within two major orders of plant-feeding insects: Lepidoptera (caterpillars) and Hemiptera (true bugs). Across 1604 caterpillar species, we found both positive and negative pairwise correlations between use of diverse host taxa, with overall network patterns suggesting that different host-use constraints act over micro-and macroevolutionary timescales. In contrast, host-use patterns of 955 true bug species revealed uniformly positive correlations between presence on the same host taxa over both timescales. The lack of consistent patterns across timescales and insect orders indicates that host-use trade-offs are historically contingent rather than universal constraints. Moreover, we observed few negative correlations overall despite the wide taxonomic and ecological diversity of the focal host taxa, suggesting that positive interactions between host-use adaptations, not trade-offs, dominate the long-term evolution of host use in plant-feeding insects.

scholarly journals Island phytophagy: explaining the remarkable diversity of plant-feeding insects

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1741) ◽  
pp. 3250-3255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey B. Joy ◽  
Bernard J. Crespi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Plant Feeding ◽  
Plant Taxon ◽  
History Of ◽  
Comprehensive Framework

Plant-feeding insects have undergone unparalleled diversification among different plant taxa, yet explanations for variation in their diversity lack a quantitative, predictive framework. Island biogeographic theory has been applied to spatially discrete habitats but not to habitats, such as host plants, separated by genetic distance. We show that relationships between the diversity of gall-inducing flies and their host plants meet several fundamental predictions from island biogeographic theory. First, plant-taxon genetic distinctiveness, an integrator for long-term evolutionary history of plant lineages, is a significant predictor of variance in the diversity of gall-inducing flies among host-plant taxa. Second, range size and structural complexity also explain significant proportions of the variance in diversity of gall-inducing flies among different host-plant taxa. Third, as with other island systems, plant-lineage age does not predict species diversity. Island biogeographic theory, applied to habitats defined by genetic distance, provides a novel, comprehensive framework for analysing and explaining the diversity of plant-feeding insects and other host-specific taxa.

scholarly journals Impact of Policy and Factor Intensity on Sustainable Value of European Agriculture: Exploring Trade-Offs of Environmental, Economic and Social Efficiency at the Regional Level

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bazyli Czyżewski ◽  
Marta Guth
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Economic ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Positive Interactions ◽  
Social Efficiency ◽  
Factor Intensity ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Sustainable Value ◽  
The Impact

Although sustainable development is a topic broadly discussed in the literature in relation to existing policy stimulus, a holistic approach to the implementation of sustainability in agriculture—for which there are three dimensions (economic, social and environmental)—is still missing. A regional approach, which averages the entire EU region, could therefore be useful in the long term for recommending directional guidelines for the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of key groups of CAP instruments and factor intensity on the three above-mentioned aspects of sustainability in the 2004–2017 period, with the assumption that they are all reciprocally related. This goal was achieved by measuring sustainability using the modified sustainable value approach combined with frontier-based nonparametric assessment and applying structural equation modelling, including multilevel random intercept. This research highlights trade-offs between environmental, economic and social efficiency and checks the impact of the EU CAP schemes on the sustainability of environmental, economic, and social dimensions in agriculture. Despite common indications of trade-offs, particularly between economic performance and eco-efficiency, our study shows that in the long term, such feedback has not occurred in any EU regions. Moreover, there are positive interactions between all three dimensions of sustainability from a cross-sectional perspective. The analysis of the impact of CAP subsidies proves that the current system of agri-environmental, set-aside and rural development payments has been effective in the long term, although broader implementation of environmental schemes in regions with lower labour productivity may negatively affect social sustainability.

scholarly journals Modality-specific improvements in sensory processing among baseball players

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Koya Yamashiro ◽  
Yudai Yamazaki ◽  
Kanako Siiya ◽  
Koyuki Ikarashi ◽  
Yasuhiro Baba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Auditory Evoked Potentials ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
P100 Latency ◽  
Auditory Responses ◽  
Nogo Trial ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Nogo Potentials

AbstractLong-term skills training is known to induce neuroplastic alterations, but it is still debated whether these changes are always modality-specific or can be supramodal components. To address this issue, we compared finger-targeted somatosensory-evoked and auditory-evoked potentials under both Go (response) and Nogo (response inhibition) conditions between 10 baseball players, who require fine hand/digit skills and response inhibition, to 12 matched track and field (T&F) athletes. Electroencephalograms were obtained at nine cortical electrode positions. Go potentials, Nogo potentials, and Go/Nogo reaction time (Go/Nogo RT) were measured during equiprobable somatosensory and auditory Go/Nogo paradigms. Nogo potentials were obtained by subtracting Go trial from Nogo trial responses. Somatosensory Go P100 latency and Go/Nogo RT were significantly shorter in the baseball group than the T&F group, while auditory Go N100 latency and Go/Nogo RT did not differ between groups. Additionally, somatosensory subtracted Nogo N2 latency was significantly shorter in the baseball group than the T&F group. Furthermore, there were significant positive correlations between somatosensory Go/Nogo RT and both Go P100 latency and subtracted Nogo N2 latency, but no significant correlations among auditory responses. We speculate that long-term skills training induce predominantly modality-specific neuroplastic changes that can improve both execution and response inhibition.

scholarly journals The Influence of Race and Gender on Staff-Resident Interactions in Nursing Homes

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 185-185
Author(s):  
Rachel McPherson ◽  
Barbara Resnick ◽  
Elizabeth Galik
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Positive Interactions ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Communication and interactions are an integral part of care in long-term care settings. Resident variables, such as race and gender, shape communication and interaction between staff and residents. The Quality of Interactions Schedule (QuIS) was developed to measure the quality of verbal and nonverbal interactions among nursing staff and older adults initially for those in acute care and later used as well in a variety of long term care settings. A quantified measurement of the quality of interactions between residents and staff was created to quantify the QuIS. The purpose of this study was to describe the gender and racial differences in scored quality of interactions. Data for the present study was based on baseline data from the Evidence Integration Triangle for Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (EIT-4-BPSD) implementation study. A total of 535 residents from 55 settings were included in the analyses. An analysis of covariance was conducted to determine a difference in QuIS scores between males and females while controlling for age. The second model tested for differences in QuIS scores between blacks and whites while controlling for age and gender. There was not a statistically significant difference in QuIS scores between male and female residents. There was a significant difference in QuIS scores between those who were black versus white, such that those who were black received more positive interactions from staff than those who were white. Future work should focus on a deeper examination of resident factors and staff factors that may influence these interactions.

scholarly journals Non-Standard Discrete RothC Models for Soil Carbon Dynamics

Axioms ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Fasma Diele ◽  
Carmela Marangi ◽  
Angela Martiradonna
Keyword(s):  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Land Degradation ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Soil Carbon Content ◽  
Rothc Model ◽  
Key Indicators

Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) is one of the key indicators of land degradation. SOC positively affects soil functions with regard to habitats, biological diversity and soil fertility; therefore, a reduction in the SOC stock of soil results in degradation, and it may also have potential negative effects on soil-derived ecosystem services. Dynamical models, such as the Rothamsted Carbon (RothC) model, may predict the long-term behaviour of soil carbon content and may suggest optimal land use patterns suitable for the achievement of land degradation neutrality as measured in terms of the SOC indicator. In this paper, we compared continuous and discrete versions of the RothC model, especially to achieve long-term solutions. The original discrete formulation of the RothC model was then compared with a novel non-standard integrator that represents an alternative to the exponential Rosenbrock–Euler approach in the literature.

scholarly journals How Do Trade-Offs and Synergies between Ecosystem Services Change in the Long Period? The Case Study of Uxin, Inner Mongolia, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 6041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang ◽  
Li ◽  
Buyantuev ◽  
Bao ◽  
Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Stepwise Regression ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Development And Utilization ◽  
Long Term Trends

Ecosystem services management should often expect to deal with non-linearities due to trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services (ES). Therefore, it is important to analyze long-term trends in ES development and utilization to understand their responses to climate change and intensification of human activities. In this paper, the region of Uxin in Inner Mongolia, China, was chosen as a case study area to describe the spatial distribution and trends of 5 ES indicators. Changes in relationships between ES and driving forces of dynamics of ES relationships were analyzed for the period 1979–2016 using a stepwise regression. We found that: the magnitude and directions in ES relationships changed during this extended period; those changes are influenced by climate factors, land use change, technological progress, and population growth.

scholarly journals Trade-offs in initial and long-term handling efficiency of PIT-tag and photographic identification methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 130 ◽  
pp. 108110
Author(s):  
Lindsey S. Roberts ◽  
Abigail B. Feuka ◽  
Erin Muths ◽  
Bennett M. Hardy ◽  
Larissa L. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Pit Tag ◽  
Identification Methods ◽  
Trade Offs

Clubroot in Brassica: Recent advances in genomics, breeding and disease management

Genome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Jakir Hasan ◽  
Swati Megha ◽  
Habibur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Clubroot Disease

Clubroot disease, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, affects Brassica oilseed and vegetable production worldwide. This review is focused on various aspects of clubroot disease and its management, including understanding the pathogen and resistance in the host plants. Advances in genetics, molecular biology techniques and ‘omics’ research have helped to identify several major loci, QTL and genes from the Brassica genomes involved in the control of clubroot resistance. Transcriptomic studies have helped to extend our understanding of the mechanism of infection by the pathogen and the molecular basis of resistance/susceptibility in the host plants. A comprehensive understanding of the clubroot disease and host resistance would allow developing a better strategy by integrating the genetic resistance with cultural practices to manage this disease from a long-term perspective.

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