scholarly journals The human experience with intravenous levodopa

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan H Siddiqi ◽  
Natalia K Abraham ◽  
Christopher L Geiger ◽  
Morvarid Karimi ◽  
Joel S Perlmutter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Dopamine Agonists ◽  
Human Experience ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Toxicity Data ◽  
Regional Cerebral Blood ◽  
Decarboxylase Inhibitors ◽  
The U.S

Objective: To compile a comprehensive summary of published human experience with levodopa given intravenously, with a focus on information required by regulatory agencies. Background: While safe intravenous use of levodopa has been documented for over 50 years, regulatory supervision for pharmaceuticals given by a route other than that approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has become increasingly cautious. If delivering a drug by an alternate route raises the risk of adverse events, an investigational new drug (IND) application is required, including a comprehensive review of toxicity data. Methods: Over 200 articles referring to intravenous levodopa (IVLD) were examined for details of administration, pharmacokinetics, benefit and side effects. Results: We identified 142 original reports describing IVLD use in humans, beginning with psychiatric research in 1959-1960 before the development of peripheral decarboxylase inhibitors. At least 2781 subjects have received IVLD, and reported outcomes include parkinsonian signs, sleep variables, hormones, hemodynamics, CSF amino acid composition, regional cerebral blood flow, cognition, perception and complex behavior. Mean pharmacokinetic variables were summarized for 49 healthy subjects and 190 with Parkinson’s disease. Side effects were those expected from clinical experience with oral levodopa and dopamine agonists. No articles reported deaths or induction of psychosis. Conclusion: At least 2781 patients have received i.v. levodopa with a safety profile comparable to that seen with oral administration.

Analysis of Media Outlets on Women´s Health: Interest on Contraceptives and their Side Effects, with Negative Perceptions of Tubal Ligation (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Angel Alvarez-Mon ◽  
Carolina Donat-Vargas ◽  
Maria Llavero-Valero ◽  
Alfredo Gea ◽  
Melchor Alvarez-Mon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Social Attitudes ◽  
Tubal Ligation ◽  
Contraceptive Methods ◽  
Health Habits ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Negative Perceptions ◽  
Twitter Users ◽  
Post Menopausal ◽  
The U.S

BACKGROUND Media outlets influence social attitudes toward health habits. Analysis of tweets has become a tool for health research. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the distribution of tweets about women´s health and the interest generated among Twitter users. METHODS We investigated tweets posted by 25 major U.S. media outlets about pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women´s health between January 2009 and December 2019 as well as the retweets generated. In addition, we measured the sentiment analysis of these tweets as well as their potential dissemination. RESULTS A total of 376 tweets were analyzed. Pre-menopausal women´s health accounted for most of the tweets (75.3%). Contraception was the main focus of the tweets, while a very limited number were related to infertility (1.4%). With regards to medical content, the effectiveness of contraceptive methods was the most frequent topic (46.2%). However, tweets related to side effects achieved the highest retweet-to-tweet ratio (70.3). The analysis of sentiments showed negative perceptions on tubal ligation. CONCLUSIONS The U.S. media outlets analyzed focused their content on contraception, while Twitter users showed great interest in side effects.

Dopamine agonists for parkinson’s disease

1991 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-8
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Efficacy ◽  
Dopamine Agonists ◽  
Dopa Decarboxylase ◽  
Decarboxylase Inhibitor ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Motor Disability ◽  
The Uk

Bromocriptine, lysuride (formerly lisuride, Revanil – Roche) and pergolide (not yet marketed in the UK) are dopamine agonists developed for use in the treatment of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Combination of a dopamine agonist with levodopa plus a dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor (‘co-dieldopa’)* may have advantages at all stages of the disease. The aim of combined co-dieldopa + agonist treatment is to limit some of the problems with prolonged co-dieldopa use alone; especially fluctuations in motor disability.1 It is still not clear how the three agonists compare with each other for therapeutic efficacy, duration of action, and side effects, nor how they are best combined with co-dieldopa.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
Pierre-Hugues Verdier
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
Transnational Networks ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Payment Systems ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Financial Infrastructure ◽  
Global Banks ◽  
The U.S

This chapter provides an overview of U.S. criminal enforcement actions against global banks, including aggregate statistics about their targets and the penalties levied. It then examines the characteristics and motives of the principal actors involved: the global banks themselves, the regulatory agencies that supervise them, and the prosecutors who brought criminal cases against them. The chapter develops the book’s three central arguments, which structure the case studies examined in the following chapters. First, it argues that prosecutors bring to global bank oversight a set of priorities, incentives, and tools that differ fundamentally from those of the specialized agencies and transnational networks that traditionally occupied that field. Second, it contends that the U.S. government’s ability to impose its will on global banks stems from its control over vital hubs of the international financial infrastructure, such as the U.S. dollar and U.S.-based payment systems. Third, it argues that although U.S. enforcement actions have triggered complaints of unilateralism and can in some cases be self-interested, they can also unlock obstacles to international cooperation and lead to widespread benefits.

Monoamine Agonists (“Antidepressants”), Including Dopamine Agonists (“Stimulants”)

2018 ◽  
pp. 85-100
Author(s):  
S. Nassir Ghaemi
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Pharmacology ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Sexual Dysfunction ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Psychotropic Drugs ◽  
Withdrawal Syndrome ◽  
Serotonin Reuptake ◽  
Dopamine Agonists ◽  
Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Norepinephrine Reuptake

The drug class of monoamine agonists includes agents called antidepressants and stimulants. Monoamine agonists are the most widely used class of psychotropic drugs. There are three major monoamines, and thus three main types of monoamine agonists. We consider each in turn: the serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs), and dopaminergic agents. We also discuss the dopamine agonists—bupropion (Wellbutrin) and amphetamines (“stimulants”), as well as other new monoamine agonists. The clinical pharmacology of specific agents within each class, including their efficacy and side effects, is explored. Specific phenomena surveyed include SRI tolerance, sexual dysfunction, drug interactions, serotonin withdrawal syndrome, and suicide and akathisia.

Effect Of DDAVP In Patients With Von Willebrand’s Disease And Hemophilia A

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
A I Warrier ◽  
C Hillman ◽  
J M Lusher
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Factor Viii ◽  
Hemophilia A ◽  
Blood Components ◽  
Excessive Bleeding ◽  
Von Willebrand's Disease ◽  
Von Willebrand’S Disease ◽  
Crossed Immunoelectrophoresis ◽  
Transient Improvement ◽  
The U.S

European investigators have reported on the efficacy of l-deamino-9-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) in von Willebrand’s disease (vWD) and mild hemophilia A. We have thus evaluated the effects of a single intranasal dose of DDAVP (200ugm of the more dilute form available in the U.S.), in 12 individuals with vWD and in 4 with moderate hemophilia A. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of VIII: RAg demonstrated normal electrophoretic mobility in each of the vWD subjects. Components of the factor VIII system (VIII: C, VIII: RAg, VIII: R Cof.) were assayed pre - and 90 and 180 minutes post- DDAVP. Each of 11 subjects with mild or moderate vWD had an increase in VIII: C activity (avg. 2X increase), 8 of 11 had an increase in VIII: R Cof, and 9 of 11 had an increase in VIII: RAg. The twelfth vWD subject, who had severe vWD, had no rise in any of these components. Of 4 vWD subjects who had pre- and post-DDAVP template bleeding times (BT) performed, the only one who had a prolonged baseline BT showed a normal BT 90 minutes post-DDAVP. One vWD subject, in whom we had documented an increase in all F. VIII components after DDAVP, later underwent dental extractions 90 minutes after DDAVP. No excessive bleeding was noted. Four individuals with moderate hemophilia A (baseline VIII: C values of 0.02-0.10 u/ml) were also studied. Three had a rise in all components of the factor VIII system post-DDAVP while the fourth did not. No undesirable side effects were noted in any of the 16 subjects who received DDAVP. We conclude that even the more dilute form of DDAVP available in the U.S., when given intranasally, results in transient improvement in selected individuals with vWD or moderate hemophilia A. This drug thus warrants further study as an alternative to blood components in the management of vWD, as well as in mild and moderate hemophilia A.

scholarly journals World Agricultural Markets: Implications for U.S. Food and Agricultural Policy

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-97
Author(s):  
T. Kelley White
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
Farm Sector ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
Food And Agricultural Policy ◽  
The U.S

In the absence of agricultural policy, the behavior of the agricultural sector is dictated by market forces. Any agricultural policy, other than one of “hands off—let the market forces rule,” is dependent upon programmatic tools which in one way or another attempt to interfere or modify behavior of the sector. If it is government's objective to design and implement a set of programs which will distort market behavior so as to achieve policy goals with minimum negative side effects, it is essential that policymakers understand the kind of market environment within which the U.S. farm sector exists and how this market is likely to behave, given alternative interferences.

scholarly journals Chemical Impurities: An Epistemological Riddle with Serious Side Effects

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 1030
Author(s):  
Ahmad Yaman Abdin ◽  
Prince Yeboah ◽  
Claus Jacob
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Pharmaceutical Research ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Chemical Impurities ◽  
Large Scale Manufacture ◽  
Modern Analytical

Chemical synthesis is a science and an art. Rooted in laboratory or large-scale manufacture, it results in certain side products, eventually compromising the integrity of the final products. Such “impurities” occur in small amounts and, within chemistry itself, are of little concern. In pharmacy, in contrast, impurities increase the potential for toxicity, side effects, and serious implications for human health and the environment. The pharmaceutical regulatory agencies have therefore developed regulatory and strategic systems to minimize the chemical presence or biological impact of such substances. Here, pharmaceuticals are turned from impure into more defined materials as part of a complex socio-technological system revolving around and constantly evolving its specific rules and regulations. Whilst modern analytical methods indicate the presence of impurities, the interpretations of corresponding results are gated by risk management and agreed thresholds. Ironically, this allows for entities with no identified chemical structures, and hence epistemologically outside chemistry, to be regulated in pharmaceutical products. We will refer to such substances which are not, epistemologically speaking, “chemicals” as Xpurities, in order to distinguish them from recognized and identified impurities. The presence of such Xpurities is surprisingly common and constitutes a major issue in pharmaceutical research and practice. We propose a Space of Information to deal with such impurities based on values regarding the presence, chemical identities, and biological activities. It is anticipated that this may enable pharmacists to handle such Xpurities more efficiently.

Ibuprofen: Plasma Concentrations in Man

1985 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
G M E Janssen ◽  
J F Venema
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Crossover Study ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Peak Plasma ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Repeated Dose ◽  
Similar Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Peak Value

The plasma levels of Ibuprofen were measured in five healthy subjects who took 600 mg tablets of Ibuprofen twice daily, three times daily and four times daily in a crossover study. Peak plasma levels were obtained 1 hour after the first dose in all but one subject (slow absorber), the mean peak value being 51·3 μg.ml−1 (range 39·4–63·7 μg.ml−1). After the repeated dose regimens of two, three or four times daily of ibuprofen, the peak levels achieved were in a similar range to those seen after the first dose: Twice daily 39·4–66·4 μg.ml−1 Three times daily 43·6–63·3 μg.ml−1 Four times daily 44·1–58·4 μg.ml−1 There was no evidence of accumulation of the drug and no side-effects occurred during the trial.

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