scholarly journals Oxygen changes drive non-uniform scaling in Drosophila melanogaster embryogenesis

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Gregory Kuntz ◽  
Michael B. Eisen
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Extreme Temperatures ◽  
Oxygen Levels ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Uniform Scaling ◽  
Mild Hypoxia

InDrosophilaembryogenesis, increasing either oxygen concentration or temperature accelerates development. Having investigated temperature's impact on embryogenesis, here we characterize the fundamentally different developmental response to oxygen levels. The reactions to temperature and oxygen are not independent, but operate primarily through different mechanisms, with developmental time being inversely proportional to oxygen concentration but logarithmically related to temperature. Changing oxygen concentrations greatly impact survival with developmental rate changes that are dwarfed by those induced by temperature. While extreme temperatures increase early embryo mortality, mild hypoxia increases arrest and death during mid-embryogenesis and mild hyperoxia increases survival over normoxia. Most notably, while development scales uniformly with temperature, modifying oxygen levels drives heterochronic changes. Morphological processes all change with oxygen concentration, but at different rates. Gut formation is more severely slowed by decreases in oxygen, while head involution and syncytial development are less impacted than the rest of development. These data reveal that uniform scaling, seen with changes in temperature, is not the default result of adjusting developmental rate.

scholarly journals Oxygen changes drive non-uniform scaling in Drosophila melanogaster embryogenesis

F1000Research ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven G. Kuntz ◽  
Michael B. Eisen
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Intrinsic Property ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Thermal Fluctuations ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Oxygen Levels ◽  
Time Lapse Imaging ◽  
Uniform Scaling

We previously demonstrated that, while changes in temperature produce dramatic shifts in the time elapsed duringDrosophila melanogasterembryogenesis, the relative timing of events within embryogenesis does not change. However, it was unclear if this uniform scaling is an intrinsic property of developing embryos, or if it is specific to thermal fluctuations. To investigate this, here we characterize the embryonic response to changes in oxygen concentration, which also impact developmental rate, using time-lapse imaging, and find it fundamentally different from the temperature response. Most notably, changes in oxygen levels drive developmental heterochrony, with the timing of several morphological processes showing distinct scaling behaviors. Gut formation is severely slowed by decreases in oxygen, while head involution and syncytial development are less impacted than the rest of development, and the order of several developmental landmarks is inverted at different oxygen levels. These data reveal that the uniform scaling seen with changes in temperature is not a trivial consequence of adjusting developmental rate. The developmental rate changes produced by changing oxygen concentrations dwarf those induced by temperature, and greatly impact survival. While extreme temperatures increase early embryo mortality, mild hypoxia increases arrest and death during mid-embryogenesis and mild hyperoxia increases survival over normoxia.

The effect of developmental temperature on population flexibility in Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Mckenzie
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Extreme Temperatures ◽  
Mating Speed ◽  
Strain Effects ◽  
Developmental Temperature ◽  
Temperature Strain

Ten strains each of D. melanogaster and D. simulans were derived from single inseminated females of the same population. For each strain the influence of developmental temperatures in the range 12-30�C was considered for developmental time, egg to adult development percentage, sex ratio, longevity of adults, mating speed, fecundity and fertility. The species showed similar responses for all characters, although for the latter four D. simulans was more affected by extreme temperatures. Analyses of variance demonstrated temperature, strain, and temperature x strain effects to be generally significant. For sex ratio, however, temperature effects alone were significant. The results are discussed in relation to the level of genetical integration existing in a population and how such integration allows for considerable population flexibility.

scholarly journals Metabolic and functional characterization of effects of developmental temperature in Drosophila melanogaster

2017 ◽  
Vol 312 (2) ◽  
pp. R211-R222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mads F. Schou ◽  
Torsten N. Kristensen ◽  
Anders Pedersen ◽  
B. Göran Karlsson ◽  
Volker Loeschcke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Response Characteristic ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Reaction Norms ◽  
Extreme Temperatures ◽  
Functional Responses

The ability of ectotherms to respond to changes in their thermal environment through plastic mechanisms is central to their adaptive capability. However, we still lack knowledge on the physiological and functional responses by which ectotherms acclimate to temperatures during development, and in particular, how physiological stress at extreme temperatures may counteract beneficial acclimation responses at benign temperatures. We exposed Drosophila melanogaster to 10 developmental temperatures covering their entire permissible temperature range. We obtained metabolic profiles and reaction norms for several functional traits: egg-to-adult viability, developmental time, and heat and cold tolerance. Females were more heat tolerant than males, whereas no sexual dimorphism was found in cold tolerance. A group of metabolites, mainly free amino acids, had linear reaction norms. Several energy-carrying molecules, as well as some sugars, showed distinct inverted U-shaped norms of reaction across the thermal range, resulting in a positive correlation between metabolite intensities and egg-to-adult viability. At extreme temperatures, low levels of these metabolites were interpreted as a response characteristic of costs of homeostatic perturbations. Our results provide novel insights into a range of metabolites reported to be central for the acclimation response and suggest several new candidate metabolites. Low and high temperatures result in different adaptive physiological responses, but they also have commonalities likely to be a result of the failure to compensate for the physiological stress. We suggest that the regulation of metabolites that are tightly connected to the performance curve is important for the ability of ectotherms to cope with variation in temperature.

Whole-Genome Effects of Ethyl Methanesulfonate-Induced Mutation on Nine Quantitative Traits in Outbred Drosophila melanogaster

Genetics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 157 (3) ◽  
pp. 1257-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsiao-Pei Yang ◽  
Ana Y Tanikawa ◽  
Wayne A Van Voorhies ◽  
Joana C Silva ◽  
Alexey S Kondrashov
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Spontaneous Mutation ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Ethyl Methanesulfonate ◽  
Induced Mutations ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Eye Color ◽  
Recessive Mutations ◽  
The Mean

Abstract We induced mutations in Drosophila melanogaster males by treating them with 21.2 mm ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Nine quantitative traits (developmental time, viability, fecundity, longevity, metabolic rate, motility, body weight, and abdominal and sternopleural bristle numbers) were measured in outbred heterozygous F3 (viability) or F2 (all other traits) offspring from the treated males. The mean values of the first four traits, which are all directly related to the life history, were substantially affected by EMS mutagenesis: the developmental time increased while viability, fecundity, and longevity declined. In contrast, the mean values of the other five traits were not significantly affected. Rates of recessive X-linked lethals and of recessive mutations at several loci affecting eye color imply that our EMS treatment was equivalent to ∼100 generations of spontaneous mutation. If so, our data imply that one generation of spontaneous mutation increases the developmental time by 0.09% at 20° and by 0.04% at 25°, and reduces viability under harsh conditions, fecundity, and longevity by 1.35, 0.21, and 0.08%, respectively. Comparison of flies with none, one, and two grandfathers (or greatgrandfathers, in the case of viability) treated with EMS did not reveal any significant epistasis among the induced mutations.

Biological traits of the predatory mirid Macrolophus praeclarus, a candidate biocontrol agent for the Neotropical region

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Meritxell Pérez-Hedo ◽  
Carolina Gallego ◽  
Amy Roda ◽  
Barry Kostyk ◽  
Mónica Triana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Predation Rate ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Thermal Constant ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Defensive Responses ◽  
Predatory Mirid

Abstract The predatory mirid Macrolophus praeclarus is widely distributed throughout the Americas, and is reported to prey upon several horticultural pest species. However, little is known about its biology, thermal requirements, crop odour preferences, phytophagy, and capability to induce defensive responses in plants. When five temperatures studied (20, 25, 30, 33 and 35°C) were tested and Ephestia kuehniella was used as prey, the developmental time from egg to adult on tomato, was longest at 20°C (56.3 d) and shortest at 33°C (22.7 d). The ability of nymphs to develop to adults decreased as the temperature increased, with the highest number of nymphs reaching the adult stage at 20°C (78.0%) and lowest at 35°C (0%). The lower and upper developmental thresholds were estimated at 11.2° and 35.3°C, respectively. The maximum developmental rate occurred at 31.7°C and the thermal constant was 454.0 ± 8.1 degree days. The highest predation rate of E. kuehniella eggs was obtained at 30°C. In Y-tube olfactory choice tests, M. praeclarus selected tomato, sweet pepper and eggplant odours more frequently than no plant control treatment. Macrolophus praeclarus feeding did not damage tomato plants compared to another zoophytophagous mirid, Nesidiocoris tenuis, which caused necrotic rings. The phytophagy of M. praeclarus induced defensive responses in tomato plants through the upregulation of the jasmonic acid metabolic pathway. The implications of the findings for using M. praeclarus in tomato biological control programmes in the Americas are discussed.

Morphological and molecular modifications induced by heat shock in Drosophila melanogaster embryos

Development ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-182
Author(s):  
Giorgio Graziosi ◽  
Franco de Cristini ◽  
Angelo di Marcotullio ◽  
Roberto Marzari ◽  
Fulvio Micali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Direct Relation ◽  
Hsp 70 ◽  
Survival Pattern ◽  
Shock Proteins

The early embryo of Drosophila melanogaster did not survive treatment at 37 °C (heat shock) for 25 min. The histological analysis of eggs treated in this way showed that the heat shock caused disintegration of nuclei and of cytoplasmic islands, displacement and swelling of nuclei and blocked mitoses. These effects were not observed in embryos treatedafter blastoderm formation. After this stage, we noticed that development was slowed down. The heat shock proteins (hsp 83,70 and 68) were, under shock, synthesized at all developmental stages. There was little or no synthesis of hsp 70 and 68 in unfertilized eggs, but synthesis increased in proportion to the number of nuclei present. Most probably, hsp 70 synthesis was directed by zygotic mRNA. DNA synthesis was not blocked by the heat shock though the overall incorporation of [3H]thymidine was substantially reduced, presumably because of the block of mitoses. We did not find a direct relation between survival pattern and hsp synthesis. We concluded that some, at least, of the heat shock genes can be activated at all developmental stages and that heat shock could be used for synchronizing mitoses.

scholarly journals Bacillus thuringiensis Bioinsecticides Induce Developmental Defects in Non-Target Drosophila melanogaster Larvae

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 697
Author(s):  
Marie-Paule Nawrot-Esposito ◽  
Aurélie Babin ◽  
Matthieu Pasco ◽  
Marylène Poirié ◽  
Jean-Luc Gatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Probiotic Bacterium ◽  
Intestinal Cell ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Insecticidal Toxins ◽  
Bacterium Bacillus ◽  
Protein Rich

Bioinsecticides made from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are the bestselling bioinsecticide worldwide. Among Bt bioinsecticides, those based on the strain Bt subsp. kurstaki (Btk) are widely used in farming to specifically control pest lepidopteran larvae. Although there is much evidence of the lack of acute lethality of Btk products for non-target animals, only scarce data are available on their potential non-lethal developmental adverse effects. Using a concentration that could be reached in the field upon sprayings, we show that Btk products impair growth and developmental time of the non-target dipteran Drosophila melanogaster. We demonstrate that these effects are mediated by the synergy between Btk bacteria and Btk insecticidal toxins. We further show that Btk bioinsecticides trigger intestinal cell death and alter protein digestion without modifying the food intake and feeding behavior of the larvae. Interestingly, these harmful effects can be mitigated by a protein-rich diet or by adding the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum into the food. Finally, we unravel two new cellular mechanisms allowing the larval midgut to maintain its integrity upon Btk aggression: First the flattening of surviving enterocytes and second, the generation of new immature cells arising from the adult midgut precursor cells. Together, these mechanisms participate to quickly fill in the holes left by the dying enterocytes.

Life table parameters of Iranian population, Tetranychus kanzawai (Acari: Tetranychidae) fed on soybean leaves 

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iman Hassanvand ◽  
Shahriar Jafari ◽  
Masoumeh Khanjani
Keyword(s):  
Life Table ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Thermal Constant ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Tetranychus Kanzawai ◽  
Life Table Parameters ◽  
Critical Temperatures

The effects of six ambient temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 37.5ºC) on life table parameters of Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida (Tetranychidae) were studied under laboratory conditions on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Total immature developmental time of females at the above-mentioned temperatures was 28.55, 16.34, 9.01, 6.96, 5.56 and 5.65 days, respectively. A linear and two nonlinear models of Lactin and SSI were fitted to developmental rate of immature stages of T. kanzawai to predict the developmental rate as a function of temperature, as well as to estimate the thermal constant (k) and critical temperatures. The estimated k for total immature developmental time of females and males was 134.58 and 126.74 DD, respectively. The estimated Topt and Tmax by Lactin model for overall immature stages were 36.20 and 40.70ºC, respectively. Intrinsic optimum temperature (TФ) and T1 (Topt) by SSI model for total immature stages was estimated to be 23.23 and 35.71ºC, respectively. Also the estimated TL and Th of SSI model for overall immature stage were 09.21 and 38.46ºC, respectively. The longest and shortest adult longevity was observed at 15°C (60.63 days), and 37.5°C (7.34 days), respectively. Mated females laid highest and lowest eggs at 25°C (237.96 eggs) and 37.5°C (30.54 eggs), respectively. The rm values ranged from 0.356 day-1 at 30°C to 0.089 day-1at 15°C. The highest value of R0 was 163.55 offspring female-1 at 25°C. The presented information in this study provided new perspective to better management of T. kanzawai on apple trees in Iran.

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