scholarly journals Stable eusociality via maternal manipulation when resistance is costless

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio González-Forero
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Maternal Care ◽  
Honest Signaling ◽  
Queen Pheromones ◽  
Honest Signals ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Maternal Manipulation ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Eusocial Species

In many eusocial species, queens use pheromones to influence offspring to express worker phenotypes. While evidence suggests that queen pheromones are honest signals of the queen's reproductive health, here I show that queen's honest signaling can result from ancestral maternal manipulation. I develop a mathematical model to study the coevolution of maternal manipulation, offspring resistance to manipulation, and maternal resource allocation. I assume that (1) maternal manipulation causes offspring to be workers against offspring's interests; (2) offspring can resist at no direct cost, as is thought to be the case with pheromonal manipulation; and (3) the mother chooses how much resource to allocate to fertility and maternal care. In the coevolution of these traits, I find that maternal care decreases, thereby increasing the benefit that offspring obtain from help, which in the long run eliminates selection for resistance. Consequently, ancestral maternal manipulation yields stable eusociality despite costless resistance. Additionally, ancestral manipulation in the long run becomes honest signaling that induces offspring to help. These results indicate that both eusociality and its commonly associated queen honest signaling can be likely to originate from ancestral manipulation.

scholarly journals An evolutionary resolution of manipulation conflict

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio González-Forero
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Delayed Dispersal ◽  
Fitness Effects ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Social Partners ◽  
Maternal Manipulation ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Cost

Individuals can manipulate the behavior of social partners. However, manipulation may conflict with the fitness interests of the manipulated individuals. Manipulated individuals can then be favored to resist manipulation, possibly reducing or eliminating the manipulated behavior in the long run. I use a mathematical model to show that conflicts where manipulation and resistance coevolve can disappear as a result of the coevolutionary process. I find that while manipulated individuals are selected to resist, they can simultaneously be favored to express the manipulated behavior at higher efficiency (i.e., providing increasing fitness effects to recipients of the manipulated behavior). Efficiency can increase to a point at which selection for resistance disappears. This process yields an efficient social behavior that is induced by social partners, and over which the inducing and induced individuals are no longer in conflict. A necessary factor is costly inefficiency. I develop the model to address the evolution of advanced eusociality via maternal manipulation (AEMM). The model predicts AEMM to be particularly likely in taxa with ancestrally imperfect resistance to maternal manipulation. Costly inefficiency occurs if the cost of delayed dispersal is larger than the benefit of exploiting the maternal patch. I discuss broader implications of the process. Now published in: Evolution, doi:10.1111/evo.12420

scholarly journals A Mathematical Model for Resource Allocation in Population Programs

Demography ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Lawrence ◽  
Axel I. Mundigo ◽  
Charles S. ReVelle
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Resource Allocation

Strategies for Managing EUC on the Web

2002 ◽  
pp. 117-133
Author(s):  
R. Ryan Nelson ◽  
Peter Todd
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Personal Computer ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
World Wide ◽  
End Users ◽  
Web Technology ◽  
End User ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The World ◽  
The Web

Beginning in the early 1980s, end-user computing (EUC) began to permeate organizations following the advent of the personal computer and a host of applications directed at the non-IS professional. Along with EUC came a whole new set of organizational opportunities and risks. Ten years later, the World Wide Web has opened the door to a yet more powerful set of EUC applications capable of reaching well beyond the boundaries of the organization. Indeed, Web technology permits end users to design applications that are immediately accessible by unlimited numbers of people from anywhere in the world. As a result, EUC using Web technology has introduced a whole new set of opportunities and risks for organizations. The purpose of this research is to examine what strategies organizations are using in their attempt to maximize the benefits of the Web for end users while mitigating the inherent risks. To this end, individuals from 12 major organizations were surveyed via the Web. The results indicate that while organizations seem to be doing an adequate job of establishing roles and standards, mechanisms for resource allocation, development management, and maintenance appear to be lacking. In fact, most firms seem to be relying on a monopolist control strategy at this point in time. While such a strategy may be the best approach given the relative infancy of Web technology, it could prove to be an unstable strategy in the long run given the reach, range and flexibility of access that Web technology provides. Organizations are encouraged to take a proactive, formal posture toward EUC development on the Web.

scholarly journals Preparation of samples with equally spaced concentrations through mixing

1996 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1074-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
J E Vaks
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Model Selection ◽  
Mathematical Analysis ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Human Sample ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Interference Studies ◽  
Nonlinear Calibration

Abstract Linearity, interference evaluations of the performance of clinical chemistry systems, mathematical model selection for nonlinear calibration, and other assessments often involve several human sample pools with equally spaced analyte concentrations. Sequential mixing of equal volumes, first of the low and high pools to produce the middle pool, then of the low and middle pools to produce the mid-low pool, and of the high and middle pools to produce the mid-high pool, is recommended in the NCCLS EP7-P guideline for interference studies. Proportional mixing of the low and high pools to produce all of the required pool concentrations is recommended in the NCCLS EP6-P guideline for linearity studies. Mathematical analysis and computer simulation show that the sequential mixing is much more accurate and precise than the proportional mixing. Therefore, we recommend sequential mixing for clinical chemistry application.

Study on Plastics Optimal Separating Technology and Equipment Based on Resource-Conserving

2009 ◽  
Vol 628-629 ◽  
pp. 251-256
Author(s):  
Xian Hai Yang ◽  
C.Y. Lv
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Type A ◽  
Domestic Waste ◽  
Optimal Analysis ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Optimal Technology

A new optimal technology and process of separating plastic from domestic waste was presented according to the recycling benefit. An optimal analysis modal was established and the recycling benefit was analyzed. The technique and process of plastic separation was studied. As a result, the investment is much less than that of the synthetic recycling treatment and the recycling benefit is also higher. Depending on optimal separating technique and process, it can reclaim plastic that has high recycling value to a maximum in 15 separating type. A mathematical model of the separating process was established, and the effect of some parameters such as wind speed, sloping angle of airflow on the separating rate was studied; with an optimal 15 m/s wind-speed horizontally and 14-degree blowing angle, so that the rate of separating plastic is over 85%. Therefore, the enterprises can realize persistent development for a long run without government allowances.

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