scholarly journals Multilocus Species Trees Show the Recent Adaptive Radiation of the Mimetic Heliconius Butterflies

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof M Kozak ◽  
Niklas Wahlberg ◽  
Andrew Neild ◽  
Kanchon K Dasmahapatra ◽  
James Mallet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Radiation ◽  
Rate Increase ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Species Trees ◽  
Nuclear Markers ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Mitochondrial And Nuclear Markers

Müllerian mimicry among Neotropical Heliconiini butterflies is an excellent example of natural selection, and is associated with the diversification of a large continental-scale radiation. Some of the processes driving the evolution of mimicry rings are likely to generate incongruent phylogenetic signals across the assemblage, and thus pose a challenge for systematics. We use a dataset of 22 mitochondrial and nuclear markers from 92% of species in the tribe to re-examine the phylogeny of Heliconiini with both supermatrix and multi-species coalescent approaches, characterise the patterns of conflicting signal and compare the performance of various methodological approaches to reflect the heterogeneity across the data. Despite the large extent of reticulate signal and strong conflict between markers, nearly identical topologies are consistently recovered by most of the analyses, although the supermatrix approach fails to reflect the underlying variation in the history of individual loci. The first comprehensive, time-calibrated phylogeny of this group is used to test the hypotheses of a diversification rate increase driven by the dramatic environmental changes in the Amazonia over the past 23 million years, or changes caused by diversity-dependent effects on the rate of diversification. We find that the tribe Heliconiini had doubled its rate of speciation around 11 Ma and that the presently most speciose genus Heliconius started diversifying rapidly at 10 Ma, likely in response to the recent drastic changes in topography of the region. Our study provides comprehensive evidence for a rapid adaptive radiation among an important insect radiation in the most biodiverse region of the planet.

Small peatland with a big story: 600-year paleoecological and historical data from a kettle-hole peatland in Western Russia

The Holocene ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 095968362110332
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Mroczkowska ◽  
Piotr Kittel ◽  
Katarzyna Marcisz ◽  
Ekaterina Dolbunova ◽  
Emilie Gauthier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Impact ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Testate Amoebae ◽  
The Past ◽  
Kettle Hole ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Peatlands are important records of past environmental changes. Based on a multiproxy analysis, the main factors influencing the evolution of a peatland can be divided into autogenic and allogenic. Among the important allogenic factors, apart from climate change, are deforestation and drainage, which are directly associated with human impact. Numerous consequences arise from these processes, the most important of which are physical and chemical denudation in the catchment and the related hydrological disturbances in the catchment and peatland. The present study determined how human activities and the past climatic variability mutually influenced the development of a small peatland ecosystem. The main goals of the study were: (1) to trace the local changes of the peatland history over the past 600 years, (2) to investigate their relationship with changes in regional hydroclimate patterns, and (3) to estimate the sensitivity of a small peatland to natural and human impact. Our reconstructions were based on a multiproxy analysis, including the analysis of pollen, macrofossils, Chironomidae, Cladocera, and testate amoebae. Our results showed that, depending on the changes in water level, the history of peatland can be divided into three phases as follows: 1/the phase of stable natural conditions, 2/phase of weak changes, and 3/phase of significant changes in the catchment. Additionally, to better understand the importance of the size of catchment and the size of the depositional basin in the evolution of the studied peatland ecosystem, we compared data from two peatlands – large and small – located close to each other. The results of our study indicated that “size matters,” and that larger peatlands are much more resilient and resistant to rapid changes occurring in the direct catchment due to human activities, whereas small peatlands are more sensitive and perfect as archives of environmental changes.

scholarly journals Biogeography and Cophylogeny of Paussus favieri(Carabidae, Paussinae) and Pheidole pallidula(Hymenoptera, Myrmicinae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Bergamaschi ◽  
Wendy Moore ◽  
Andrea Di Giulio
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Nuclear Markers ◽  
Molecular Sequence Data ◽  
Molecular Sequence ◽  
Pheidole Pallidula ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dispersal Events ◽  
European Populations ◽  
Mitochondrial And Nuclear Markers

The myrmecophilous carabid beetle, Paussus favieri, has a circum-Mediterranean distribution and it is completely dependent upon its host ant Pheidole pallidula during all stages of its life history. Using molecular sequence data we inferred the phylogenies of the populations of both the beetle and its ant host to determine if there are signs of co-evolution. A total of 34 P. favieri from France, Spain, Portugal, Morocco and Tunisia and 42 Ph. pallidula workers from the same countries, plus Greece and Italy, were collected and analyzed. Many mitochondrial and nuclear markers were sequenced, but only COI was evolving fast enough to infer the population-level phylogenies of the beetles and the ants. Preliminary analyses suggest that the European populations of P. favieri are derived from a single dispersal event from Africa, while several dispersal events are suggested for Ph. pallidula. We found the topologies of host and parasite trees to be generally congruent, as would be expected if the host and parasite have had a history of co-evolution or co-divergence.

scholarly journals The problem of novelty in legal science: to the question on methodological aspects of studying legal doctrines

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-39
Author(s):  
Vladimir Sergeevich Gorban
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
The Past ◽  
Legal Science ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Scientific Value ◽  
Methodological Aspects

The subject of this research is the problem of interpretation of continuity and novelty in carrying out historical-philosophical and problematic-theoretical reconstructions of legal doctrines of the past and modernity. The absence of due knowledge on the origin, history of acquisition and application of theoretical ideas of the past often leads to significant modifications, distortions and loss of historical linkage within the legal picture of the world. The repetition of legal ideas and theoretical constructs of the past is natural, but firstly it can and should be viewed as a methodological prerequisite for searching of approaches and means to substantiate the interests to certain aspects of law, and secondly, for ensuring scientific value of modern research, it must be clarified not by the conventionality of scientific knowledge, but based on the reconstruction of origin, application and valid meaning and designation of ideas. The methodology leans on the comparative analysis of legal ideas of the past and modernity in synchronic and diachronic angle. The novelty of the conducted research consists in interpretation of the problem of novelty in legal science based on the requirement for preservation of continuity in terms of their historical-philosophical and problematic-theoretical reconstruction. At the same time, such requirement reveals in a number of specific reconstructions and examples of utilization of methodological approaches for their conduct.

scholarly journals Archaeogenetics and Landscape Dynamics in Sicily during the Holocene: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 9469
Author(s):  
Valentino Romano ◽  
Giulio Catalano ◽  
Giuseppe Bazan ◽  
Francesco Calì ◽  
Luca Sineo
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Population History ◽  
Mediterranean Islands ◽  
Ecological Constraints ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
The Holocene ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Europe ◽  
Future Management

The Mediterranean islands and their population history are of considerable importance to the interpretation of the population history of Europe as a whole. In this context, Sicily, because of its geographic position, represents a bridge between Africa, the Near East, and Europe that led to the stratification of settlements and admixture events. The genetic analysis of extant and ancient human samples has tried to reconstruct the population dynamics associated with the cultural and demographic changes that took place during the prehistory and history of Sicily. In turn, genetic, demographic and cultural changes need to be understood in the context of the environmental changes that took place over the Holocene. Based on this framework, this paper aims to discuss the cultural and demographic dimension of the island by reviewing archaeogenetic studies, and lastly, we discuss the ecological constraints related to human peopling in times of change in landscapes that occurred on the island in various periods. Finally, possible directions for future archaeogenetic studies of Sicily are discussed. Despite its long human history, Sicily is still one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots. The lessons we learn from the past use of landscape provide models for sustainable future management of the Mediterranean’s landscapes.

Trial-by-Trial Updating of the Gain in Preparation for Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement Based on Past Experience in Humans

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 747-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiromitsu Tabata ◽  
Kenichiro Miura ◽  
Kenji Kawano
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Preceding Trial ◽  
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements ◽  
First Order ◽  
Pursuit Eye Movements ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tracking Movements ◽  
Past Experiences

To understand how the CNS uses past experiences to generate movements that accommodate minute-by-minute environmental changes, we studied the trial-by-trial updating of the gain for initiating smooth pursuit eye movements and how this relates to the history of previous trials. Ocular responses in humans elicited by a small perturbing motion presented 300 ms after appearance of a target were used as a measure of the gain of visuomotor transmission. After the perturbation, the target was either moved horizontally (pursuit trial) or remained in a stationary position (fixation trial). The trial sequence randomly included pursuit and fixation. The amplitude of the response to the perturbation was modulated in a trial-by-trial manner based on the immediately preceding trial, with preceding fixation and pursuit trials decreasing and increasing the gain, respectively. The effect of the previous trial was larger with shorter intertrial intervals, but did not diminish for at least 2,000 ms. A time-series analysis showed that the response amplitude was significantly correlated with the past few trials, with dynamics that could be approximated by a first-order linear system. The results suggest that the CNS integrates recent experiences to set the gain in preparation for upcoming tracking movements in a changing environment.

Phylogeography of the genus Blanus (worm lizards) in Iberia and Morocco based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers — preliminary analysis

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Vaconcelos ◽  
D. James Harris ◽  
Miguel Carretero
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Nuclear Markers ◽  
Systematic Revision ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mitochondrial And Nuclear Markers

AbstractThe evolutionary relationships of amphisbaenians of the genus Blanus have long been controversial. Presently two species are recognized for Morocco — Blanus tingitanus and B. mettetali and one for Iberia — B. cinereus. Using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences, 25 samples from Portugal, Spain and Morocco were analysed. Both markers indicate the existence of three well-separated clades: one for the Northern Moroccan samples, corresponding to B. tingitanus and two to the B. cinereus samples. One sample from Taza, Morocco, was identical to specimens from one of the Iberian forms. These results point to the necessity of a systematic revision. These new groups reinforce the need for geographically broader sampling accompanied by morphological studies to fully determine the phylogenetic history of this species complex.

scholarly journals History of Piano Technique Development: Methodical Aspect

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-188
Author(s):  
Marina V. Pereverzeva ◽  
◽  
Anna A. Davydova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
Piano Technique ◽  
Piano Works ◽  
The Past ◽  
Training Technique ◽  
History Of ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Technique Development ◽  
Keyboard Instrument

The history of the development of piano technique has been counting down since the 17th century. The most common keyboard instruments before the invention of the piano were the harpsichord, clavicord and organ. These early instruments had much lighter keys compared to modern ones. Therefore, performers could easily press the keys without feeling much resistance. With the advent of the piano, both the playing technique and the training technique for professional pianists and amateurs began to be reviewed. Musicians, summarizing their own performing experience, wrote treatises, textbooks and manuals, looking for the most effective method of mastering the technique of playing the keyboard instrument. In history, there are two schools of piano technique: the so-called school of “high lifting of fingers” and “playing with all the weight of the hand”. This work is devoted to the history of the development of these schools and methodological approaches to piano training. The views on piano technique that developed in the 18th–20th centuries, which were reflected in the textbooks of pianistsperformers and teachers, help to understand how to perform music of a particular period and what finger technique to use for a perfect interpretation of piano works of the past.

scholarly journals Ukrainian Ethnocultural Processes in the Research Legacy of Leonid Zaliznyak (Devoted to the 70th Anniversary of His Birth)

2021 ◽  
pp. 210-222
Author(s):  
Yurii Fihurnyi ◽  
Оlha Shakurova
Keyword(s):  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Depth Of Knowledge ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Nations Development ◽  
Ukrainian Society ◽  
Reliable Basis

The article analyzes L. Zalizniak's contribution to the development of modern ethnology, in particular his study of the ancient history of Ukraine, Ukrainian ethnogenesis and modern domestic ethnocultural processes. It reveals that the priority of his research is ethnocultural studies, which in the days of post-Soviet Ukraine acquired perfection and systematic comprehension. It is discovered that the works of the scientist are marked by the thoroughness of the latest methodological approaches, the scale of the issue (from ancient history, Ukrainogenesis, to modern events and reflections on the place of Ukraine among world civilizations), high scientific erudition, and depth of knowledge. It is proved that L. Zalizniak offered the concept of the origin of the Ukrainian people not only to the scientific community, but to the whole Ukrainian society. This concept is based on a deep understanding of the laws specific for the historical process of peoples’ formation and nations’ development. It is substantiated that the scientist continues working on improving this concept, constantly deepening the most important issues of Ukrainian genesis, the formation of the Ukrainian state, the stages of formation of the Ukrainian nation, the place of Ukraine among world civilizations, and more. It is found that the concept of the origin of the Ukrainian people built by prominent scientists is of great political importance, as it is a solid and reliable basis for the establishment of the independent Ukrainian state, while popularization of this concept in the people's consciousness helps preserve the identity of the Ukrainian people in modern ethnocultural space. It is noted that L. Zalizniak actively participated in understanding the core and essence of the undeclared Russian-Ukrainian hybrid warfare, while his scientific works allow to comprehend the past of Ukraine and Ukrainians, professionally encompass Ukrainian ethnocultural processes, help the modern Ukrainian nation defeat the enemy, restore the territorial integrity of the Ukrainian ethnocultural space and preserve the identity of the Ukrainian people at the present stage of its ethnocultural development.

scholarly journals Reasons and Nature of the Accession of Kazakhstan to the Russian Empire (Historiography of the Problem)

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
A.A. Alinov ◽  
М.А. Demin
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
The Past ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Approaches To Study ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Post Soviet Period

The article is devoted to the analysis of historical concepts developed by Soviet, Russian and Kazakhstan historians on one of the most debatable issues in the history of Russian-Kazakh relations, regarding the reasons and nature of Kazakhstan's accession to the Russian Empire. Soviet historians have done a lot to accumulate a factual base for studying Russian-Kazakh relations. However, following predetermined ideological theses narrowed the problems of research and obscured the complexity and inconsistency of the phenomena under consideration. In the post-Soviet period, Russian historical science uses the latest methodological approaches to study the phenomenon of empire, requiring neutral assessments taking into account various aspects of imperial construction and imperial practice. Onedimensional damning characteristics began to give way to issues of historical experience of the Russian Empire, explaining how, in conditions of confessional diversity and multinational composition of the population, it managed to maintain stability for many centuries. In the 1990s in Kazakh historiography, the concept of "voluntary entry" of Kazakhstan into Russia was radically revised with an emphasis on exposing the colonial essence of Russian transformations in the region. Over the past two decades, Kazakh historical science has been gradually moving away from unilateral radical assessments and political conjuncture, more balanced and justified characteristics of the accession of the Kazakh Steppe to the Russian state appear.

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